Objectives: To evaluate risk factors associated with 31-day unplanned readmission(s) for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in China.Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients (age, >14 years) with pulmonary TB who experienced 31-day unplanned readmissions to a specialized hospital for TB between January 2018 and December 2019. For each confirmed readmission, 2 control subjects were randomly selected from among patients with pulmonary Original Article TB but did not experience an unplanned readmission within 31 days.Results: A total of 402 pulmonary TB patients (5.9%) experienced unplanned readmission within 31 days after discharge. In univariate analysis, readmission was associated with gender, age, insurance coverage, residing in a rural area, active smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), drug-induced hepatitis, and leaving hospital against medical advice. The final logistic regression model revealed that higher risks for unplanned readmissions were associated with male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.44, [95% confidence interval (CI) : 1.06-1.95]), age >65 years (OR 2.94, 95%CI: 2.03-4.27), rural residence (OR 8.86, 95%CI: 6.61-11.87), active smoking (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.37-3.40), COPD (OR 2.77, 95%CI: 1.59-4.81), and leaving hospital against physician advice (OR 4.11,). The median time to 31-day unplanned readmission was 24 days. Major reasons for unplanned readmission included fever, exacerbation of dyspnea, and hemoptysis. Conclusion:Unplanned readmission for pulmonary TB within 31 days of discharge was higher among older males residing in rural areas, active smokers, and those leaving hospital against medical advice.