BACKGROUND: Establishing strategies for improving nursing shortages, which are labor challenges in the current health care industry. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the correlation between workplace bullying and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in nurses and the mediating effects of job satisfaction on this relationship. METHODS: A total of 164 valid samples were obtained. The Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and an OCB scale were measured. RESULTS: The results indicate that a significantly larger proportion of nurses working in operating rooms (Δ odds ratio, odds = 2.30, p = 0.043), the emergency room, and the ICU (Δ odds = 2.79, p = 0.019) had suffered workplace bullying compared with nurses working in patient wards. No experience of workplace bullying exerted a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction (p < 0.001), and job satisfaction exerted a positive and significant effect on overall OCB (p < 0.001). No experience of workplace bullying exerted a significant mediating effect on the influence of job satisfaction on overall OCB (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The department of service in which a nurse works influences the occurrence of workplace bullying, previous experience with bullying reduces job satisfaction, and greater job satisfaction promotes higher OCB performance. Based on the study results, we advise that nursing executives address and prevent workplace bullying to increase the job satisfaction of nurses so that nurses are willing to display OCB, apply their expertise, and expand the role and functions of nursing.

s u m m a r yBackground: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during hospitalization has a great impact on both economic and medical issues. We sought to investigate: (1) whether different nursing-care behavior would alter the in-hospital resuscitation success rate; and (2) whether the success rate was influenced further by different age groups. Materials and methods: From January to December 2007, a total of 983 cases underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in a tertiary medical center. Of these, the 170 cases resuscitated on the general wards were included in our study, but the 543 events that occurred in the emergency department and the 270 events that occurred in the intensive care units were excluded. Cases were further divided into two groups based on age (O for age greater than or equal to 65 years; Y for age less than 65 years). The baseline hospitalization information and nursing factors in the prediction of immediate outcome after CPR in different age populations were tested by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of the 983 cases, 170 had detailed records prior to CPR. There was a significant relationship in the success rate of initial resuscitation after CPR between the elderly and young population (p ¼ 0.047). After multivariate adjustments for: signed as "do not resuscitate"; the type of rhythm acquired during resuscitation; the duration of staff visit; and the duration of CPR, we found that a prolonged CPR process was associated with a higher mortality rate in both groups (adjusted OR: 0.241, p ¼ 0.001 in the O group vs. 0.220, p ¼ 0.001 in the Y group). A longer interval between medical staffs' visits before CPR was associated with higher mortality in the O group (adjusted OR: e0.048, p ¼ 0.015) as compared with the Y group. Conclusion: Although the initial resuscitation success rate was not affected by age, a longer time interval between the last medical staffs' visit and the onset of resuscitation did result in a worse success rate in elderly patients. Our data suggest that more frequent staff visits to the elderly population during hospitalization could alter initial resuscitation results.

At a false-positive rate (FPR) of 5%, specificity for R5-tropic virus was also high (range: 85.7%-95.3%), but came at the expense of sensitivity for X4-using virus (range: 36.7%-66.7%). One study compared the effectiveness of both genotypic tropism testing and ESTA in predicting virological response to the CCR5-antagonist maraviroc. The study found in each screening group, a similar proportion of patients achieved a viral load Ͻ 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL by Week 48. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of a 'gold standard', clinical response to CCR5-anatagonist therapy offers the best measure of diagnostic performance in HIV-1 tropism testing. The results of this review indicate that genotypic sequencing of the V3 loop is as capable of predicting response to CCR5-antagonist therapy as the current diagnostic standard, ESTA. In addition, of the bioinformatic algorithms reviewed here, the geno2pheno model set at 5-10% FPR offered the best balance between sensitivity and specificity. This evidence provides further support for the use of genotypic tropism testing in routine clinical practice.

Background Alveolar osteitis (AO) may occur after molar extraction. Chlorhexidine (CHX) rinse and CHX gel are widely used to prevent AO. Although previous meta-analyses support the effectiveness of both CHX rinse and CHX gel in preventing AO, important issues regarding these two formulations have not been addressed adequately in the literature. Purpose A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted to determine the effectiveness of CHX rinse and CHX gel in preventing AO. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published before June 2018. The risk ratio (RR) was used to estimate the pooled effect of AO incidence using a random-effect model. Results The RRs of AO in patients treated with 0.12% CHX rinse (RR = 0.54, 95% CI [0.41, 0.72]) and 0.2% CHX rinse (RR = 0.84, 95% CI [0.52, 1.35]) were significantly lower than in those treated with the control. Moreover, a significantly lower RR was identified in patients treated with 0.2% CHX gel (RR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.34, 0.64]) than in those treated with the control. When CHX products of different concentrations were grouped together, patients treated with CHX rinse showed an RR of AO of 0.61 (95% CI [0.48, 0.78]) and those treated with CHX gel showed an RR of AO of 0.44 (95% CI [0.43, 0.65]). On the other hand, a meta-analysis of three trials that compared CHX rinse and CHX gel directly showed a significantly lower RR of AO in patients treated with CHX rinse than in those treated with CHX gel (RR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.34, 0.96]). Conclusions/Implications for Practice The results support the effectiveness of both CHX rinse and gel in reducing the risk of AO after molar extraction. Each formulation provides unique benefits in terms of ease of application and cost. On the basis of the results of this study, the authors recommend that CHX gel be used immediately after molar extraction because of the convenience and cost-effectiveness of this treatment and that CHX rinse be used by the patient after discharge at home in combination with appropriate health education and case management.