In Press at Emotion. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in Emotion.

The aim of two preliminary studies reported in the article was to identify the main reasons for crying and to create a set of situational vignettes that would refer to specific situations or events that potentially can make people cry. In Study 1 (n = 61), we asked the participants to list six general reasons behind crying. In Study 2 (n = 70), the participants were asked to identify specific situations in which people shed emotion-related tears. As a result, we selected a set of 34 situational vignettes. Each of them is a short and gender-neutral description of a specific emotional reason that can make people cry and is related to one of the following basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, or fear. The vignettes can be used to manipulate the emotional basis of tears in experimental research.

The aim of two preliminary studies reported in the article was to identify the main reasons for crying and to create a set of situational vignettes that would refer to specific situations or events that potentially can make people cry. In Study 1 (n = 61), we asked the participants to list six general reasons behind crying. In Study 2 (n = 70), the participants were asked to identify specific situations in which people shed emotion-related tears. As a result, we selected a set of 34 situational vignettes. Each of them is a short and gender-neutral description of a specific emotional reason that can make people cry and is related to one of the following basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, or fear. The vignettes can be used to manipulate the emotional basis of tears in experimental research.

The process of career adaptation is counted as a very significant topic, especially regarding career counseling. The aim of that article was to analyze the dependence between type of vocational personality, ambiguity tolerance level and styles of coping with career indecision making. There have been 227 students examined. Each of the examined individuals has got a vocational type of personality referring to gained outcomes from WOPZ questionnaire based on J.L. Holland’s model of vocational personality. Types of vocational personality have been being analyzed according to ambiguity tolerance in career decisions making (by using The Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale, CDAT) and strategies of coping with career indecision (with usage of Coping with Career Decision-making Difficulties, CCDD). The study has revealed that gender is not associated with personal dispositions as those mentioned above. Individuals characterized by Social type of vocational personality tend to seek help more often than those characterized by other types of vocational personality. Artistic type turned out to be linked to unproductive style of coping with career indecision more than any other type of vocational personality while individuals described as Enterprising type tend to have reversed tendency. Moreover, the present study has indicated that dependence between ambiguity tolerance and productive style of coping with career decisions making does occur.

Research on the effect of emotional tears on perceived competence has yielded an inconsistent pattern of findings, with some studies showing that tearful individuals may be perceived as less competent, while others report no such effect. These mixed results point to the likely existence of third variables influencing the link between tears and perceived competence and suggest that crying may affect competence only in specific circumstances. In the current project, we re-examine this link using a large, openly available dataset of responses to tearful faces collected across 41 countries and 7,007 participants (Zickfeld et al., 2021). Our results show that tears have no general effect on perceptions of competence, but do reduce competence when crying is regarded as inappropriate (e.g., there is no clear reason for shedding tears) or when the target is perceived as helpless. Moreover, shedding tears increases competence when the target is perceived as honest. As emotional tears have been found to signal both helplessness and honesty, the interplay of these effects might result in no overall effect of tears on perceptions of competence. The present findings suggest that the link between emotional tears and perceived competence is highly context dependent.