Objective-To investigate the eVects of two contrasting eight week training programmes on the aerobic performance of 39 prepubescent boys (mean age 10.1 years). Methods-All boys were volunteer subjects from three city schools and the schools were matched by a health related behaviour questionnaire. All of the boys were assessed as Tanner stage one for genitalia and pubic hair development. Criterion laboratory tests included peak Ṽ O 2 as assessed by an incremental discontinuous treadmill test to voluntary exhaustion. Submaximal measurements of heart rate, minute ventilation (Ṽ E) and Ṽ O 2 were also recorded during the treadmill test. One of the schools provided the control group (n = 14), and boys from the other schools followed two contrasting training programmes. The first was a sprint interval running programme (n = 12) comprising 10 second and 30 second sprints, and the second a continuous cycle ergometer programme (n = 13) maintaining a heart rate in the range 80-85% of maximum for 20 minutes on a Monark cycle ergometer. After eight weeks training three times a week, the three groups were retested. Results-There were no significant diVerences in peak Ṽ O 2 (p>0.05) with training in either of the groups. Neither were there significant changes in any of the submaximal variables Ṽ O 2 , ṼE, or heart rate (p>0.05). Conclusion-The findings of this study indicate that neither eight week sprint interval running nor continuous cycle ergometer training programmes significantly improve maximal or submaximal indicators of the aerobic performance of prepubertal boys. (Br J Sports Med 2000;34:168-173)

Direct Air Capture (DAC) is a negative emission technology that can remove up to 10–20 Gt of CO2 per year. However, to achieve this potential, DAC systems must be coupled to suitable locally available energy sources and sited near geological storage. This study explores the potential of low‐carbon energy sources to supply power and heat to the DAC process in a dedicated, self‐sufficient system tailored for each energy source. Solar, geothermal, woody biomass, wind, and nuclear energy sources are assessed for their global energy supply potential and possible land use requirements. While the options differ in area requirement and regional efficacy, we estimate that all the regionally specific technologies considered can supply energy to achieve significant removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere globally. The amount of energy physically available from solar, offshore wind, and woody biomass converts to a removal potential of 160–971, 45–150, and 2–5 Gt CO2/year, respectively. Thus, negative emission targets can be reached by utilizing a moderate fraction of the overall potential of several different low‐carbon energy sources for DAC while the magnitude of the potential changes significantly according to the source of energy. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Quelques années avant la Confédération, le canton de Genève s'est doté d'une loi sur la transparence, dont l'objectif consiste à favoriser la libre formation de l’opinion et la participation à la vie publique. La LIPAD a célébré ses 20 ans le 1er mars 2022. A l'occasion de cet anniversaire, le présent ouvrage revient sur l'historique du texte légal et l'application de ce dernier par la médiatrice, puis le Préposé cantonal. Les autres contributions ont trait à l'utilisation de la loi par les journalistes, le rapport avec le principe de la bonne foi, la protection des intérêts privés, l'accès aux archives publiques, l'accès aux examens scolaires, les principes de procédure, l'exemple fribourgeois et l'avenir de la transparence.

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