The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (São Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L(-1) chlorine and 29.9 mg L(-1) ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.
Agradeço a todos que contribuíram de alguma forma para a conclusão deste trabalho. À minha família, que sempre me incentivou e sempre apoiou as minhas escolhas profissionais e pessoais. Ao meu marido e à minha filha, simplesmente por existirem. Aos meus amigos que, apesar de muitas vezes não estarem fisicamente próximos a mim, sempre estiveram no meu coração. Ao meu orientador, que me apoiou em mais uma empreitada. Ao Prof. Luiz Antônio Daniel, pela co-orientação "extra-oficial". Aos membros da banca examinadora, Profa. Odete Rocha, Profa. Ana Teresa Lombardi, Prof. Luiz Daniel e Porf. Roque Passos Piveli, pelas críticas e sugestões. À Clarisse, pelas conversas, discussões e amizade. À Jeanette, Patrícia e Luci, pela grande ajuda na fase experimental deste estudo. À CAPES, pela bolsa concedida. Aos funcionários do DAAE de Araraquara, que sempre foram bastante prestativos durante as coletas na ETE-Araraquara. Aos funcionários do CHREA, em especial ao Amândio e ao Marcelo, que foram essenciais para o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Aos funcionários do Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, em especial ao Paulo e à Luci, pela ajuda nas análises de algumas amostras.
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