Autoimmune bullous skin diseases (ABDs) are uncommon, potentially fatal diseases of skin and mucous membranes which are associated with deposits of autoantibodies and complement against distinct molecules of the epidermis and dermal/epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ). These autoantibodies lead to a loss in skin molecular integrity, which manifests clinically as formation of blisters or erosions. In pemphigus vulgaris, loss of adhesion occurs within the epidermis. The pioneering work of Ernst H. Beutner, Ph.D. and Robert E. Jordon, M.D. confirmed the autoimmune nature of these diseases. Walter F. Lever, M.D. contributed significantly to our understanding of the histopathologic features of these diseases. Walter Lever, M.D. and Ken Hashimoto, M.D. contributed electron microscopic studies of these diseases, especially in pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. In bullous pemphigoid (BP), linear IgA bullous dermatosis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), loss of adhesion takes place within or underneath the BMZ. Classic EBA demonstrates extensive skin fragility; DH is commonly associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and manifests clinically with pruritic papulovesicles on the extensor surfaces of the extremities and the lumbosacral area. The clinical spectrum of bullous pemphigoid includes tense blisters, urticarial plaques, and prurigo-like eczematous lesions. Pemphigoid gestationis mostly occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy, and mucous membrane pemphigoid primarily involves the oral mucosa and conjunctivae and leads to scarring. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis manifests with tense blisters in a "cluster of jewels"-like pattern in childhood (chronic bullous disease of childhood) and is more clinically heterogeneous in adulthood. Many of the autoantigens in these disorders are known and have been well characterized. ABDs may be influenced by both genetic and exogenous factors. The diagnoses of ABDs is based on histology of lesional skin and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) of perilesional skin, as well as by serologic confirmation of autoantibodies by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and recombinant autoantigens. The titers of the autoantibodies may correlate with the disease severity, and can be measured by indirect immunofluorescence and by ELISA testing. Therapeutically, systemic treatment with glucocorticoids is combined with immunosuppressive adjuvants which allow for fast reduction of systemic steroids. A prospective clinical trial in pemphigus showed that adjuvant treatment with azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide led to a significant reduction of the cumulative dose of systemic steroids until complete clinical remission was achieved. In bullous pemphigoid, topical treatment with clobetasol can help to accomplish a clinical remission without the major side effects seen with systemic steroids. Also, therapeutic depletion of B lymphocytes by rituximab has considerably improved the overall prognosis of pemphigus. Nurses and other param...
Comparte ResumenEl granuloma de Majocchi es una forma de infección atípica por dermatofitos con invasión de la dermis y el tejido celular subcutáneo, favorecida por el trauma de los folículos pilosos o la inmunosupresión del huésped. Siendo una infección poco común, se destaca en este artículo el caso de una paciente que luego de usar esteroides tópicos presentó pápulas y pústulas en vulva, sitio inusual de granuloma de Majocchi, siendo este el cuarto reporte a nivel mundial.Palabras clave: Granuloma, Dermatofitos, Foliculitis, Majochi. AbstractMajocchi granuloma is a form of atypical infection by dermatophytes with invasion of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, favored by the trauma of hair follicles or host immunosuppression. Being a rare infection, in this article highlights the case of a patient with papules and pustules on the vulva after using topical steroids, an unusual site Majocchi granuloma, which is the fourth global report.Keywords: Granuloma, Dermatophytes, Folliculitis, Majochi. IntroducciónLos dermatofitos comprenden tres géneros: Epidermophyton, Trichophyton y Microsporum. Son queratinofílicos en humanos y animales y están usualmente restringidos a capas cornificadas de la epidermis, sin invadir más allá de ella (1). En un huésped inmunocompetente son incapaces de penetrar tejidos viables, pero bajo condiciones de inmunosupresión adquieren la habilidad de invadir la dermis y diseminarse a nivel sistémico. Existen cuatro formas de infecciones invasivas de dermatofitos: el granuloma de Majocchi, la dermatofitosis profunda, la diseminada, y el micetoma o pseudomicetoma por dermatofitos (2). Caso clínicoSe trataba de una paciente de 14 años quien consultó a un hospital local por un cuadro de un mes de evolución que consistía en pápulas eritematosas, vesículas y pústulas en la piel del abdomen, del cual se hizo un diagnóstico inicial de eccema y se ordenaron esteroides tópicos. Posteriormente, las lesiones se extendieron hacia la vulva y región inguinal izquierda, por lo que fue remitida a un hospital de la ciudad.
Comparte ResumenEl lupus eritematoso sistémico con manifestación tipo necrólisis epidérmi-ca tóxica es una entidad descrita recientemente y cada vez aparecen más reportes en la literatura. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 15 años con lupus eritematoso sistémico quien presentó una necrólisis epidérmica tóxica extensa, cuyas lesiones iniciales eran tipo eritema multiforme. Se discute el caso a la luz de la literatura actual sobre esta nueva entidad.Palabras clave: Necrolisis epidérmica tóxica; Eritema multiforme; Síndrome de Stevens Johnson; Lupus eritematoso sistémico; Lupus eritematoso cutáneo. AbstractToxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)-like systemic lupus erythematosus is a recently described entity and more cases are being published in the literature today. We describe the case of a 15-year old patient with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed TEN that initially started with erythema multiforme (EM)-like lesiones. We discuss this case according to the published literature on this new entity.Keywords: Toxic epidermal necrolysis; Erythema multiforme; Stevens-Johnson syndrome; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Cutaneous lupus erythematosus Caso clínicoSe trataba de una niña de 15 años, residente en el departamento de Antioquia, con un cuadro clínico de tres meses de evolución que consistía en edema progresivo de cara y los miembros inferiores, junto a disnea de medianos esfuerzos y artralgias con artritis de ambas manos. Lo anterior asociado a un cuadro de 15 días de evolución de un rash morbiliforme en áreas fotoexpuestas, muy pruriginoso, que posteriormente se generalizó. La paciente consultó a un hospital de segundo nivel de atención, en donde le encontraron, adicionalmente, cifras elevadas de presión arterial.La menor fue hospitalizada por el servicio de medicina Interna y se le inició manejo con esteroides tópicos y antihistamínicos y le fueron solicitados exámenes paraclínicos, que reportaron: Hb 7,2, leucocitos de 5 800 (81 % de neutrófilos y 12 % linfocitos), anti-SM y anti-ADN positivos, anticuerpos antinucleares (ANA´S) reactivos 1:320 con patrón moteado, anti-Ro y anti-La negativos, velocidad de sedimentación globular 60, creatinina 2,05,
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