Resumo: Este trabalho trata da cronologia computacional no processamento de sentenças. Recentes pesquisas com potenciais bioelétricos relacionados a eventos (ERPs), usando frases com papéis temáticos invertidos sob a luz da Teoria da Ilusão Semântica, desafiam o pressuposto de que os processos sintático-semânticos estejam acoplados. Através de dois experimentos (voz ativa e passiva) testamos sentenças com papel temático invertido em três condições. Reestabelecemos uma correspondência direta entre modelos Sintaxe-Primeiro e o processamento de sentenças on-line, relacionando-os com recentes descobertas neurofisiológicas de que há duas vias de processamento, a via ventral, para palavras e itens coordenados e, a dorsal, para estruturas hierárquicas. Encontramos evidências em favor do modelo SintaxePrimeiro. Os potencias N400 e P600 parecem ser modulados pela assimetria sujeito-objeto, refletindo, respectivamente, a concatenação do argumento interno ao verbo e a integração do argumento externo. Palavras-chave:Sintaxe-semântica; Linguística; Neurociência da Linguagem; EEG/ERPs, Metodologia ExperimentalAbstract: This paper is about the computational chronology of sentence processing. Using rolereverse sentences, recent ERPs studies, in light of Semantic Illusion Theory, have challenged the assumption that syntactic-semantic processes are coupled. We ran two ERP experiments (active and passive voice) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in role-reversed sentences in three conditions, trying to reestablish a direct correspondence between syntax-first models and on-line sentence processing and relating them to new neurophysiological findings of two processing pathways, a ventral and a dorsal, the first for words and coordinated items and the second for hierarchical structures. We found evidence in favor of a syntax-first account. The N400 and P600 appear to be modulated by the subject-object asymmetry, reflecting, respectively, the merge of the internal argument with the verb and, the integration of the external argument. : http://dx.doi. org/10.15448/1984-7726.2015.3.18411 Este artigo está licenciado sob forma de uma licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional, que permite uso irrestrito, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, desde que a publicação original seja corretamente citada.
Hierarchical or indirect recursion can be found in different domains of human language and thus, it has been claimed to be the only part of language that is specific to humans (Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch 2002). However, in the past decade, both the claims that, recursion is the central component of the “narrow faculty of language” and that, it should be present in all languages have been the object of intense debate (cf. Pinker & Jackendoff, 2005; Everett, 2005). This debate triggered the exploration of new frontiers in the examination of embedded structures, which have been examined in acquisition and in processing and have been shown to be implemented through a wide array of linguistic resources in different languages. This paper presents an acoustic description and a neuro-psycholinguistic analysis (ERP/EEG) of an uncommon cognitive device to embed relative clauses. It is implemented in Karajá, a Macro-Je language spoken in Central Brazil, which uses pitch accent to signal relativization: (i) [tori do‟rode] „the white man arrived‟ versus (ii) [tori doro‟de] „the white man who arrived‟, first described in Ribeiro as stress shift (2006). The major interest in studying this phenomenon is because in Karajá, more than structuring envelopes for acts of speech, prosody codes directly onto the central syntactic algorithm of recursion. We found evidence in favor of a stronger facilitation to process a coordinated structure than a recursive structure. We found smaller RTs and amplitudes in the EEG related to the coordinated conditions versus the embedding conditions. Also, it seems that even though embedding is harder to launch, hierarchical structuring makes it easier to process in the third embedding, when comprehenders learn they are in an embedding mode. Coordination, on the other hand, being a default, is easier to launch, but it seems to become progressively harder as it does not benefit from hierarchical structuring.
The semantic relationship between two separate words in the same semantic realm, e.g. vegetables, is often viewed as merely associative. Thus, if matched by frequency in a priming paradigm, a prime such as potato should help the activation of a target such as carrot, the same way that carrot may trigger the activation of potato. Direction is not expected to count here. Contrastingly, with words in a sentence there is hierarchical structure to which direction does count: Joan kissed Billy is different from Billy kissed Joan. This study aims at testing the hypothesis that the semantic relationship in a priming paradigm might be mediated by an unstated syntactic structure that pops up spontaneously during priming, making separate words behave very similarly to words in a phrase. Five conditions of word pairs were tested including two in which the words were identical, but prime and target were presented in opposite directions. If the hypothesis about syntactic mediation were right, there should be a difference between the N400 latencies of these two directionally * Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Doutoranda, E-mail: juliana.n.gomes@colorado.edu ** Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Doutora, Professora Associada, E-mail: aniela@gmail.com opposite conditions. In fact, ERP analysis revealed that direction did play a role in latency here attributed to structural factors. KEYWORDS: Priming. Directionality. Syntactic nesting. ERP.RESUMO: A relação semântica entre duas palavras soltas de um mesmo campo semântico, por exemplo, legumes, é muitas vezes vista como meramente associativa. Assim, se a frequência for controlada, em um paradigma de priming, um prime como batata deve ajudar a ativação de um alvo como cenoura, da mesma forma que cenoura pode promover a ativação de batata. Não se espera achar efeitos de direcionalidade. Por outro lado, as palavras em uma frase estão sujeitas a uma estrutura sintática hierárquica para a qual a direção faz diferença: Joana beijou Beto é diferente de Beto beijou Joana. Este estudo tem como objetivo testar a hipótese de que a relação semântica entre certas palavras pode ser mediada por uma estrutura sintática que aparece espontaneamente durante o priming, fazendo com que as palavras soltas se comportem de forma muito semelhante às palavras em uma frase. Cinco condições de pares de palavras foram testados, incluindo duas em que as palavras do par eram idênticas, mas o prime e o alvo foram apresentados em direções opostas. Se a hipótese sobre a mediação sintática estivesse certa, deveria haver uma diferença entre as latências do N400 em relação a estas duas condições opostas direcionalmente. De fato, a análise dos ERPs revelou que a direção desempenhou um papel na latência, atribuído aqui a fatores estruturais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Priming. Direcionalidade. Estrutura sintática subjacente, ERP.
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