Effective treatment of solid tumors requires homogenous distribution of anticancer drugs within the entire tumor volume to deliver lethal concentrations to resistant cancer cells and tumorinitiating cancer stem cells. However, penetration of small molecular weight chemotherapeutic agents and drug-loaded polymeric and lipid particles into the hypoxic and necrotic regions of solid tumors remains a significant challenge. This article reports the results of pulsed ultrasound enhanced penetration of nano-sized fluorescent particles into MCF-7 breast cancer spheroids (300-350 μm diameter) as a function of particle size and charge. With pulsed ultrasound application in the presence of microbubbles, small (20 nm) particles achieve 6-20 folds higher penetration and concentration in the spheroid's core compared to those not exposed to ultrasound. Increase in particle size to 40 nm and 100 nm results in their effective penetration into the spheroid's core to 9 and 3 folds, respectively. In addition, anionic carboxylate particles achieved higher penetration (2.3, 3.7, and 4.7 folds) into the core (0.25r) of MCF-7 breast cancer spheroids compared to neutral (2.2, 1.9, and 2.4 folds) and cationic particles (1.5, 1.4 and 1.9 folds) upon US exposure for 30, 60, and 90 seconds under the same experimental conditions. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing pulsed ultrasound to increase the penetration of nano-sized particles into MCF-7 spheroids mimicking tumor tissue. The effects of particle properties on the penetration enhancement were also illustrated.

Resumen ─ La pérdida de grandes porciones de piel limita su capacidad de regeneración, haciendo difícil su tratamiento. Mediante la ingeniería de tejidos se han desarrollado sustitutos dérmicos que promueven la regeneración; sin embargo, es necesario hallar un material para el crecimiento de fibroblastos que sea un sustituto dérmico adecuado. En este trabajo se construyeron matrices tridimensionales porosas de colágeno y colágeno-ácido hialurónico evaluando su potencial como sustituto dérmico. Las matrices se entrecruzaron con 1-etil-3-(3-dimetilaminopropil) carbodiimida hidrocloruro. Se evaluó la porosidad, se realizaron pruebas de degradación, evaluación de adherencia celular con fibroblastos humanos y, ensayos de viabilidad y proliferación. Las matrices presentaron poros de 50 µm de diámetro uniformemente distribuidos. Las matrices de colágeno y colágeno-ácido hialurónico (2:8 y 4:6) presentaron una degradación progresiva con pesos similares. Luego de 24 horas en cultivo, los resultados de la prueba de MTT mostraron que los fibroblastos en colágeno proliferaron; mientras que los fibroblastos en colágeno-ácido hialurónico no evidenciaron proliferación. Aunque la estructura porosa y la tasa de degradación de las matrices son similares, las de colágeno brindan mejores condiciones de adhesión y proliferación a los fibroblastos cultivados en comparación con las que tienen ácido hialurónico como adición, convirtiéndose en el mejor andamio para ser empleado como sustituto dérmico entre las matrices evaluadas. Palabras clave ─ Ácido hialurónico, colágeno, fibroblastos, matriz extracelular.Abstract ─ Wounds can cause loss of skin that limits the skin regeneration, making the treatment more difficult to address. The tissue engineering has developed skin substitutes that promote skin regeneration; however, it is imperative to find materials that allow fibroblast growth in order to find an appropriate skin substitute. The construction of tridimensional porous collagen and collagenhyaluronic acid matrixes crosslinked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride is presented in order to evaluate their potential use in skin regeneration therapies. Matrix porosity was evaluated. Degradation tests, human fibroblast adherence, viability and proliferation tests were performed. Matrixes had a uniform distributed porosity with mean diameters of 50 µm. Both collagen and collagen-hyaluronic acid (2:8 and 4:6) matrixes presented a progressive degradation rate with similar weight. After 24 hours under culture, the number of fibroblasts seeded on collagen matrixes were doubled, while the number of fibroblast seeded on collagen-hyaluronic acid matrixes remained similar. Even though porous structure and degradation rate of different types of constructed matrixes in this study are similar, collagen matrixes offer better adhesion and proliferation conditions for seeded fibroblasts in comparison with hyaluronic acid added matrixes, making them the best scaffold to be employed as a dermic substitute among the matrixes ...