Anticholinesterase pesticides are a main cause of the intentional or accidental poisoning of animals. Anticholinesterases include several substances that cause the overstimulation of both central and peripheral acetylcholine-dependent neurotransmission. Forensic analyses of poisoning cases require high levels of expertise, are costly, and often do not provide reliable quantitative information for unambiguous conclusions. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a method of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) for the identification and quantitation of n-methyl carbamates, organophosphates and respective metabolites from biological samples of animals that were suspected of poisoning. HPLC–DAD is reliable, fast, simplistic and cost-effective. The method was validated for biological samples obtained from stomach contents, liver, vitreous humor and blood from four different animal species. The validation of the method was achieved using the following analytical parameters: linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, recovery, and matrix effect. The method showed linearity at the range of 25–500 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient (r2) values were >0.99 for all matrices. Precision and accuracy were determined by the (a) coefficient of variation (CV), (b) relative standard deviation low-quality control (LQC), (c) medium-quality control (QCM), and (d) high-quality control (QCA). The indicated parameters were all less than 15%. The recovery of analytes ranged from 31 to 71%. The analysis of results showed no significant interfering peaks due to common xenobiotics or matrix effects. The abovementioned method was used to positively identify pesticide analytes in 44 of the 51 animal samples that were suspected of poisoning, demonstrating its usefulness as a forensic tool.
O Brasil reduziu o consumo de cloreto de sódio atual de 12g para 5g, em 2012, uma redução de 10% na quantidade de sódio no pão francês, consumido habitualmente pela população. Dosar a quantidade de sódio total e de cloreto de sódio em pães, do tipo francês, produzidos e comercializados na zona leste do município de São Paulo. Foram coletados três pães, do tipo francês, de 9 padarias de fácil acesso pela população e as determinações de sódio e cloreto foram realizadas em triplicata. Para dosagem do sódio total, empregou-se a técnica de Fotometria de Chama (Quimis®), empregando-se a curva analítica, construída a partir de diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio (zero a 400 mg/50g) adicionados à massa padrão do pão francês isenta de cloreto de sódio. (2005). A média amostral de sódio total com IC de 95% variou de 300,28 a 334,24 mg e de 250,36 a 277,5 mg de sódio em cloreto de sódio/50g de pão. A média de uma padaria apresentou valores elevados: 466,78 (16,02) mg de sódio total e 351,20 (1,83) mg de sódio em cloreto de sódio/50g de pão. O valor médio de sódio total, 317,25(8,46) mg/50g, encontra-se abaixo do teor máximo atualmente esperado de 324 mg. Duas padarias apresentam valores significativamente superiores (p
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