No abstract

Two patients with myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery associated with myocardial infarction are described. One of them died from acute cerebral emboli related to cardiac thrombosis in a left ventricular aneurysm. The other died suddenly while sleeping. Both patients were found to have a very long myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery as well as patches of fibrosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery territory. Marked left ventricular hypertrophy was also found in the patient who died suddenly. No other cardiac abnormality was observed in either patient. These cases, together with those previously reported, suggest that myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery can no longer be considered a benign coronary anomaly.

Vitamin A (VA) and iron deficiencies are important nutritional problems, affecting particularly preschool children, as well as pregnant and lactating women. A PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) literature review was carried out to search for clinical trials published from 1992 to 2013 that assessed the influence of vitamin A supplementation on iron status. Simultaneous use of iron and vitamin A supplements seemed to be more effective to prevent iron deficiency anemia than the use of these micronutrients alone. Some studies did not include a placebo group and only a few of them assessed vitamin A status of the individuals at baseline. Moreover, the studies did not consider any inflammatory marker and a reasonable number of iron parameters. Another important limitation was the lack of assessment of hemoglobin variants, especially in regions with a high prevalence of anemia. Assessment of hemoglobin variants, inflammatory markers and anemia of chronic inflammation would be important to the studies investigated. Studies involving different populations are necessary to elucidate the interaction between the two micronutrients, especially regarding iron absorption and modulation of erythropoiesis.

Palavras-chaveAmazônia; desmatamento; causalidade. Classificação JEL C59, Q23. Key wordsAmazon; deforestation; causality. JEL Classification C59, Q23. ResumoMuitas são os fatores, apontadas pela literatura pertinente, acerca das causas do desmatamento da Amazônia Legal brasileira. Desde aspectos endó-genos como as condições edafo-climáticas, a aspectos relacionados à ação antrópica como os movimentos populacionais, o crescimento urbano e, em especial, as ações autônomas ou induzidas dos diversos agentes econômicos públicos e privados que têm atuado na região, configurando historicamente os processos de ocupação do solo e aproveitamento econômico do espaço amazô-nico. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar um teste de causalidade, no sentido de Granger, nas principais variáveis sugeridas como importantes para explicar o desmatamento da Amazônia Legal Holtz-Eakin et al. (1988) and Arellano-Bond (1991)

To determine the effects of community-level interventions that aim to improve access to nutritious food in LMICs, for both the whole community and for disadvantaged or at-risk individuals or groups within a community, such as infants and children, women, the elderly, the poor, the unemployed, or minority groups. Secondary objectives To determine the features of community-level interventions that enable or impede the effective implementation of these interventions to improve access to food. To identify unintended consequences of interventions to improve access to food. B A C K G R O U N D Description of the condition Food security exists when "all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (FAO 2003). When this is not the case, the population is said to be food insecure. Food insecurity and associated undernutrition affect health and socioeconomic development on different levels (Black 2013; Ecker 2012; Victora 2008). For adults it has been associated with increased risk of disability, morbidity and mortality, and with income generating potential (Black 2008, Black 2013, Victora 2008). 1 Community-level interventions for improving access to food in low-and middle-income countries (Protocol)