Expansion of nature tourism markets may be limited because of restrictions on visitor numbers at specific sites. Hence, factors affecting visitor expenditures are critical. This study of nature tourists in Arizona indicates that bird-watchers spend more money than other visitors to natural sites. Communities that target nature visitors from areas more than a few hours' drive away and encourage visits to multiple sites can increase visitor expenditures.

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Abstract. Because of large upstream diversions for agriculture and an absence of policies to protect in-stream flows, flows in the Rio Grande near Taos, New Mexico, routinely are low by midsummer. The reach is a popular whitewater run in the southwestern United States when flows are adequate for river running. This article estimates the regional economic impacts attributable to summer streamflow depletions. Economic analysis indicates that while lower water levels affect the number of people coming to the region to raft on one river reach, low water levels had no effect on another nearby rafting area. Total expenditures and economic impacts were simulated for streamflows maintained at levels adequate for whitewater recreation throughout the summer season. These simulations indicate a 24% ($0.74 million) increase in rafting-linked expenditures and a 25% ($0.94 million) increase in value added from rafting, compared to actual 1992 expenditures and value added.

New industrial crops are promoted as enterprises that will raise farm sector income, provide economic development activities for rural areas, and provide products that will substitute for imports from other nations. A conceptual model, based on the principles of strategic management, is developed for analyzing the economics of commercializing industrial crops. The model is applied to the oil derived from Lesquerella, a possible substitute for castor oil which is used in lubricants, cosmetics, and waxes. Botanical and chemical entrepreneurship are emphasized as key factors in the successful commercialization of new industrial crops. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.