The growth of the generation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), and the use of hazardous substances in the production of these items, has required legislation to minimise the harm to the environment that their existing use, ultimate disposal and continued growth of the sector may pose. The European Union (EU) started to tackle this problem with the passing of two Directives in 2002, which focused on restricting the use of hazardous substances (RoHS-2002/95/EC) and organising the recycling or disposal of discarded electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE-2002/96/EC). These Directives have been recently recast and their scope widened; however, one exception to them remains items specifically designed for defence and military purposes. This paper looks at how and why these European Directives were passed, the impact they have had on defence in the United Kingdom (UK) up to the present moment, what impact the further extension of those directives might have on UK defence policy and how the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) has begun to prepare for any extension, including the use of alternative products from the commercial market, and substituting less harmful materials. The paper reviews the information available to carry out future decision making and what level of decision making it can support. Where the data is insufficient, it makes recommendations on actions to take for improvement.

This chapter explores some of the relationships between retailing and sustainable development through the lens of the COVID-19 crisis. The chapter provides an outline of the COVID-19 crisis, and explores some of the relationships between retailing and sustainable development as illuminated by the COVID-19 crisis. The chapter suggests that the Covid-19 crisis has not only posed a range of complex major challenges for retailers but that it has also signalled some environmental changes that may be central to the transition to a more sustainable future, highlighted some of the inherent contradictions within the concept of sustainable development, and suggested some radical solutions to the challenges of sustainability. The chapter offers an accessible review of some of the relationships between retailing and sustainable development at a very testing time for the majority of retailers.

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