Animals and humans are exposed each day to a multitude of chemicals in the air, water and food. They have developed a battery of enzymes and transporters that facilitate the biotransformation and elimination of these compounds. Moreover, a majority of these enzymes and transporters are inducible due to the activation of xenobiotic receptors which act as transcription factors for the regulation of their target genes (such as xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, see below §4 for the AhR). These receptors include several members of the nuclear/steroid receptor family (CAR for Constitutive Androstane Receptor, PXR for Pregnane X Receptor) but also the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor or AhR, a member of the bHLH-PAS family (basic Helix-Loop-Helix - Period/ARNT/Single minded). In addition to the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, numerous alternative functions have been characterized for the AhR since its discovery. These alternative functions will be described in this review along with its endogenous functions as revealed by experiments performed on knock-out animals.

Background: Protein glycation is a nonenzymatic covalent reaction between proteins and carbonyl groups resulting in protein denaturation. Results: DJ-1 is the first protein deglycase that repairs proteins from glycation by glyoxals, which constitutes most glycation damage. Conclusion: DJ-1 is a novel protein repair enzyme that protects proteins against glycation. Significance: DJ-1 deglycase activity changes our view on glycation/deglycation and DJ-1-associated Parkinsonism.