International audienceThis paper regards the application of ray tracing (RT) tools for indoor localization techniques. The paper presents two possible applications of RT tools in that context. The first is the train/construction of fingerprints databases in order to complement or/and replace laborious measurement campaigns. The second application is the modeling of location-dependent parameters in order to feed localization techniques. These two applications are investigated and validated using three RT tools applied on a synthetic indoor environment. The obtained results showed that RT tools are reliable in both fingerprinting databases construction and LDPs modeling

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This paper analyses the outdoor small-cell millimeter-wave (mmW) propagation using ray-based simulation tools. The main characteristics of the wireless channel, i.e. pathloss, delay and angular spreads, are characterized through various small-cell scenarios, and by comparison between several frequency bands. The 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands represent the traditional sub-6GHz frequencies in public radio-communication networks, while 28 GHz and 60 GHz stand for the mmW 5G candidate frequencies. A first analysis compares the downlink Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in an urban small-cell network, showing how severely the coverage beyond building or vegetation blockage is degraded at mmW. Then, the shadowing and channel scattering created by a small house is studied; the delay and angle spreads behind the house are divided by respectively 5.8 and 2.8 when going from 5 GHz to 60 GHz. Finally, the paper makes recommendations for representation of small objects, trees in particular, to achieve accurate channel or coverage simulations.Index Terms -millimeter-wave propagation, ray-based modeling, shadowing, scattering, 3D geographical map data, 5G, outdoor small-cell.I.

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