An ethnically diverse sample of high and low hypnotizable children (N = 27) suffering from cancer or blood disorders and their parents were trained to use both distraction and hypnosis to reduce pain and anxiety. Measures of pain and anxiety were obtained from the children and their parents. Independent raters also judged participants' video-taped distress responses. Data were collected during painful medical procedures, for baseline, distraction, and hypnosis conditions. Supporting E. R. Hilgard's (1977Hilgard's ( , 1992 neodissociation theory, hypnotizable children showed significantly lower pain, anxiety, and distress scores in response to hypnosis in contrast to the low hypnotizable children. Distraction produced significant positive effects for observer-rated distress scores for the low hypnotizable children.Children are subjected to painful procedures such as venipuncture, lumbar punctures, and bone marrow aspirations in the treatment of cancer and nonmalignant blood disorders. Because of repetition, conditioned fear and anxiety become a significant concern for parents and medical staff (

Key PointsQuestionDo children with previously normal neurocognitive function who survive an episode of acute respiratory failure requiring intensive care and invasive mechanical ventilation have worse long-term neurocognitive function than their matched siblings?FindingsIn this cohort study that included 121 sibling pairs, children discharged from intensive care hospitalization for respiratory failure without severe cognitive dysfunction compared with their matched siblings had a mean IQ score of 101.5 vs 104.3, a difference that was statistically significant.MeaningAcute respiratory failure in early childhood was associated with a slightly, but statistically significant, lower subsequent IQ score.

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