The present paper is concerned with a historical puzzle: the changing position of the markersiin the extant Baltic languages, Lithuanian and Latvian.Siappears before the root in prefixed verbs and verb-finally in prefixless verbs in Lithuanian and dialectal Latvian, as opposed to a consistently verb-final position in standard Latvian and in Slavic languages, specifically Russian. This ordering is examined within a larger picture of morpheme linearization – focusing primarily on Lithuanian, but also bringing in Latvian and Latgalian data – to account for the Baltic paradigm. Historically a pronoun,siis argued to have incorporated into the verbal structure, and to maintain nowadays a binding relation with the subject of the sentence. The placement ofsiwithin the verb is shown to depend on two factors: the type of the antecedent and the morphosyntactic composition of the verb. The findings presented here also provide new evidence against the Lexicalist Hypothesis.

Summary. The present study examines humour in the tenth season of the TV sitcom Friends and its translation from English into Lithuanian. With humour often believed to be culture-specific, humour translation presents a notorious issue in translation practice, as jocular content in the target language is often criticised for being poor and vague. Grounded in Raskin's (1985) theory of verbal humour and adopting Schjoldager's (2008) inventory of translation microstrategies, the article examines the components and mechanisms of humour in the source language and analyses the strategies applied to humour translation, focusing on whether the intended humorous effect is preserved in the target language. The article also seeks to establish to what extent humour as used in Friends is culturedependent. The study was conducted at two levels. First, we briefly presented the essence of Raskin's model of humour, which centres around the notions of script and incongruity, and later applied it to the selected series to identify and analyse the data in the source language. We then supplemented the findings with the identification of jokes in the target language and assessment of translation microstrategies employed in rendering humorous instances in Lithuanian. The findings of the study are believed to further the theoretical and practical domains of translation from English into Lithuanian in particular and, more broadly, contribute to the discussion on the culture-specific worldview.

21 k a l b ų s t u d i j o s / s t u d i e s a b o u t l a n g u a g e s n o. 2 6 / 2 0 1 5 that native Lithuanian prefixes are to be regarded as the lexically manifest head of the aspectual phrase AspP which is positioned above the verb phrase.

Summary. For over a decade, metaphor analysis has been postulated as a powerful means of unveiling human experience encoded in various spheres of language use. Proposing a hypothesis that even within a single culture, the views of a particular social group may alter significantly within a relatively short period of time with pop songs being an immediate reflection of the change, the present study explores feminine imagery as constructed in American pop songs by leading female pop singers in two ten-year periods: from 1985 to 1995 and from 2005 to 2015. Set within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the study employs the Metaphor Identification Procedure developed by Pragglejaz Group and P.A.N., a poetry analysis software, in order to identify and conduct qualitative analysis of conceptual metaphors that construe feminine imagery. The findings are drawn on the basis of 522 conceptual metaphors whose most common targets are love, life, and time. It is shown that, while in both periods the contemporary woman construes her image as a strong, persistent and self-dependent leader, the earlier period is characterized by more positive views on love while in latest times woman's relationships are characterized by a greater dynamism: the woman of today conceives life as both competitive and risky and yet is able to adapt seeking to take up a leading role in relationships. There is also evidence that most recently, woman has developed a more aggressive attitude toward love in particular and a more pragmatic attitude toward life in general.

Šio straipsnio tyrimo tikslas – lyginamoji idiomų su arklinių šeimos gyvūnų pavadinimais analizė anglų, ispanų ir lietuvių kalbose. Nors tekstynuose idiomų su arklinių šeimos gyvūnų pavadinimais beveik nepasitaiko, jos sudaro svarią frazeologijos žodynų dalį visose trijose kalbose. Straipsnyje buvo keliama hipotezė, kad idiomų palyginimas gali padėti atskleisti sąvokas, kurios yra reikšminės skirtingoms kultūroms. Surinktos idiomos tirtos remiantis komponentine analize: sąvoka su arklinių šeimos gyvūnu buvo suskaidyta į minimalias reikšmės dalis. Lyginamoji analizė leido iškelti prielaidą, jog gyvūno samprata analizuojamose kalbose priklauso tiek nuo kalbančiųjų geografinės padėties, tiek nuo istorinių tradicijų. Pavyzdžiui, arklių lenktynių sąvoka randama tik anglų kalboje, o asilas yra svetimas lietuvių kultūrai, todėl jo paminėjimas idi­omose visuomet turi neigiamą konotaciją. Ispanų kalboje, skirtingai nuo anglų ir lietuvių kalbų, yra daugiau teigiamą konotaciją turinčių idiomų su asilo komponentu nei idiomų su arklio komponentu. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad visose trijose kalbose idiomos turi neigiamą konotaciją, kai žmogaus elgesiui apibūdinti vartojami fiziniai gyvūno bruožai.