The social enterprise is a quite new phenomenon which derives from the development of the social economy aiming to combine social, economic and political targets. Nowadays the social economy is considered as effective way to create and manage a human capital with the recognition of the importance of personal and community interests. In the most countries of the European Union the social enterprises are significant element of development of the non-governmental sector. The implementation of the principles of social economy in Lithuania is characterized by certain peculiarities. The creation of the modern, "West-type" social enterprises in Lithuania was highly welcomed in regard to the social and economical changes in society, such as social exclusion of vulnerable groups, growing pressure on the social security system, the need to vitalise local communities, etc. In 2004 the Law on Social Enterprises came in force and more than 100 enterprises were established in the country till now. It worth mention that the businesses aimed to employment of disabled people existed also in soviet period; some of them gained the status of social enterprises later. The concept of social enterprises is still under consideration though. The obstacles to involve other vulnerable groups than disabled are strong. The elaboration of the vision, clarification of the aims and targets of social enterprises as the tool of social and economic development require thorough analysis of the past trends, present conditions, and future developments. Paper aims to identify the main differences between mainstream European concept of social enterprise and the Lithuanian situation in social enterprises. The phenomenon of social enterprises presented in the context of the changing social and employment policy in West and East European countries. The situation in Lithuanian social enterprises is described on the basis of extensive information selected from representatives of social enterprises, the experts, and the institutionalised data. The methods of literature analysis, statistical data analysis, qualitative interview, and content analysis were employed during the research. The paper is prepared under the research project "The impact of labour market policies into employment situation during the different economic cycles" (No. Sin-04/2010) that is implemented within the frame of national science program "The social challenges to national security" which is carried out by the Research Council of Lithuania.

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This paper aims to establish which factors influence whether people in eastern/central European countries decide to continue in paid work or retire. The situation in Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Slovakia in 2010 is analysed. In order to pursue this aim, the following objectives were set: firstly, to analyse previous research on the topic, secondly, to evaluate factors influencing people’s decisions on whether to continue in paid work or retire in selected eastern/central European countries, and, finally, to conclude. Secondary analysis was conducted in order to pursue the research aim. Sources of data include European Social Survey Round 5 (2010) data, Eurostat, and MISSOC. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data. The extent to which a person is willing to engage in work on reaching the legal age of retirement is analysed in relation to economic situation, state of health, and working conditions.

The exit from the labor market in old age is a process determined by different institutional factors of the labor market. Working conditions, employment protection regulation, organizational policies and employers' attitude can either make people stop working or motivate them to work longer. The decision to stay or withdraw from the labor market in old age with regard to the employment policies in the Central and Eastern EU member states is analyzed in the paper. Central and Eastern European countries have been selected due to their similar historical development, as well as due to the advantages of comparative analysis providing more robust results based on the data from several national cases. For the literature analysis, the document meta‐analysis and the analysis of data from the European Social Survey (ESS5, 2010) and Eurobarometer 76.2 (September–October 2011), including methods such as descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression was applied. The willingness to continue in paid work after retirement is influenced by the complexity of the institutional factors related to the working time, autonomy at work, work and family balance, training opportunities, adjustment of the work place, the view of the employers and antidiscrimination actions. The analysis revealed the demand for effective policies in the fields of promoting productivity and fighting discrimination in Central and Eastern European countries.

Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetasVerslo vadybos fakultetasSocialinės ekonomikos ir vadybos katedraSaulėtekio al. 11, 602 kab., LT-10223 VilniusEl. paštas: laima.okuneviciute@dsti.ltLietuvos socialinių tyrimų centroDarbo ir socialinių tyrimų institutasA. Goštauto g. 11, LT-01108 VilniusEl. paštas: julija.moskvina@dsti.lt Straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti išskirtų tikslinių grupių situaciją darbo rinkoje kintančių ekonomikos iššūkių kontekste ir suformuoti gaires tolesniems tyrinėjimams.Į apžvalgą pateko kompetentingų tyrėjų valstybės arba kitų suinteresuotų institucijų užsakymu atlikti darbai, daktaro disertacijos. Siekiama atskleisti pažeidžiamų gyventojų grupių integraciją į darbo rinką lemiančius veiksnius, nusakant, kaip skirtingo lygio socialinės ir užimtumo politikos įgyvendintojai efektyviausiai prisidėtų prie šių integravimosi procesų. Į apžvalgą taip pat įtraukti darbai, kurių pagrindinis tikslas nėra tiesiogiai susijęs su pažeidžiamų asmenų padėties darbo rinkoje problematika, tačiau rezultatai yra reikšmingi atsižvelgiant į skirtingų gyventojų grupių specifiką. Daugelis tyrimų yra taikomojo pobūdžio.Problematika, susijusi su rizikos grupių padėtimi ir perspektyvomis šalies darbo rinkoje, yra gana siaura, tačiau nuolat plečiasi – apima vis naujas socialinės ir užimtumo politikos sferas, o tai sudaro gerą pagrindą tolesniems tyrimams. Šiuo metu Europos užimtumo politikos kontekste plėtojama įtraukiosios darbo rinkos koncepcija (2010) numato didesnį darbingo amžiaus žmonių užimtumą, užtikrinantį asmeninę raidą. Šios vizijos pasiekimas numato galimybių patekti į darbo rinką didinimą, įskaitant ir sugrįžimą į ją po pertraukos, taip pat išsilaikymą darbo rinkoje ir visišką integraciją į ją. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama pažeidžiamų gyventojų grupių situacija, jos pokyčiai įvertinami per įtraukiosios darbo rinkos koncepcijos prizmę. Tyrimo metodai: straipsnio pagrindą sudaro lyginamoji statistinių duomenų analizė, specialių tyrimų rezultatai, 2004–2010 m. Lietuvoje įgyvendintų tyrimų (studijų), susijusių su darbo rinkoje pažeidžiamų gyventojų problematika, kritinė analizė, pritaikant įtraukiosios darbo rinkos koncepcijos nuostatas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: darbo rinkoje pažeidžiamos gyventojų grupės, neįgalieji, jaunimas, pagyvenę asmenys. VULNERABLE GROUPS: EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGESLaima Okunevičiūtė Neverauskienė, Julija Moskvina SummaryThe review of the research on labour market groups at risk covers research conducted in the period between 2004 and 2010. It includes applied research carried out at the request of public authorities or other concerned authorities, as well as doctoral dissertations. Mostly, the research focused on such labour market groups at risk as disabled persons, youth and elderly people. The review revealed that special research on the situation of groups at risk in the labour market is a valuable source of information, since there is a lack of information on the national level. A further analysis of issues related to the integration of labour market groups at risk and instruments for reintegration of these groups into labour market would be of great importance.Keywords: labour market groups at risk, disabled people, youth, elderly people.