In this paper, we study a new Workforce Scheduling and Routing Problem, denoted Multiperiod Workforce Scheduling and Routing Problem with Dependent Tasks. In this problem, customers request services from a company. Each service is composed of dependent tasks, which are executed by teams of varying skills along one or more days. Tasks belonging to a service may be executed by different teams, and customers may be visited more than once a day, as long as precedences are not violated. The objective is to schedule and route teams so that the makespan is minimized, i.e., all services are completed in the minimum number of days. In order to solve this problem, we propose a Mixed-Integer Programming model, a constructive algorithm and heuristic algorithms based on the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic. The presence of precedence constraints makes it difficult to develop efficient local search algorithms. This motivates the choice of the ACO metaheuristic, which is effective in guiding the construction process towards good solutions. Computational results show that the model is capable of consistently solving problems with up to about 20 customers and 60 tasks. In most cases, the best performing ACO algorithm was able to match the best solution provided by the model in a fraction of its computational time.
RESUMOIntrodução: testes diretos são considerados "padrão ouro" para determinar variáveis fisiológicas, porém o seu custo financeiro é elevado e há a necessidade de mão de obra especializada para sua operacionalização. Sendo assim, os testes indiretos são utilizados pela maioria dos profissionais de Educação Física como uma alternativa acessível à falta da medida direta. Objetivo: comparar os valores de consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO 2máx ) determinados diretamente por um sistema de espirometria com valores determinados a partir de protocolos indiretos. Métodos: participaram 15 pessoas do gênero masculino (27,4 ± 3,5 anos), fisicamente ativas, que realizaram o teste incremental em esteira rolante para determinação direta do VO 2máx com analisador de gases. Os testes para predição do VO 2máx foram: ErgoPC; Polar Fitness Test; testes do banco e de Cooper. Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva (média ± desvio padrão -DP); a esfericidade foi testada pelo teste de Mauchly, os métodos foram comparados por ANOVA de medidas repetidas com o ajuste de Bonferroni para comparações múltiplas. A normalidade dos dados foi aferida pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e também foi aplicado o teste coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, adotando-se p<0,05. Resultados: o valor médio de VO 2máx direto foi de 55,8 ± 6,1 ml•kg -1•min -1 e os valores para os testes indiretos, percentual de subestimação e coeficiente de correlação, foram, respectivamente: ErgoPc 33,7 ± 4,5 ml•kg -1•min -1 (39,6%; r = 0,71; p<0,001); Polar Fitness Test 53,2 ± 6,4 ml•kg -1•min -1 (4,6%; r = 0,64; p = 0,774); teste do banco 48,8 ± 6,3 ml•kg -1•min -1 (12,5%; r = 0,60; P=0,001) e de Cooper 43,9 ± 7,9 ml•kg -1•min -1 (21,4%; r = 0,65; p<0,001). Conclusão: os métodos indiretos podem sugerir sobrecarga de treino inferior ou superior para adaptações fisiológicas pretendidas por subestimarem o direto, sendo o Polar Fitness Test o mais indicado para uso diário, pois apresentou valores mais próximos ao valor direto. Palavras
Few studies verified the reliability of the lactate threshold determined by Dmax method (LT) in runners and it remains unclear the effect of the regression model and the final speed on the reliability of LT. This study aimed to examine the test-retest reliability of the speed at LT in runners, considering the effects of the regression models (exponential-plus-constant vs third-order polynomial) and final speed criteria (complete vs proportional). Seventeen male, recreational runners performed 2 identical incremental exercise tests, with increments of 1 km·h each for 3 min on treadmill to determine peak treadmill speed (V) and lactate threshold. Earlobe capillary blood samples were collected during rest between the stages. The V was defined as the speed of the last complete stage (complete final speed criterion) and as the speed of the last complete stage added to the fraction of the incomplete stage (proportional final speed criterion). Lactate threshold was determined from exponential-plus-constant and from third-order polynomial regression models with both complete and proportional final speed criteria and from fixed blood lactate level of 3.5 mmol·L (LT). The LT obtained from the exponential-plus-constant regression model presented higher reliability (coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 3.7%) than the LT calculated from the third-order polynomial regression model (CV ≤ 5.8%) and LT (CV = 5.4%). The proportional final speed criterion is more appropriate when using the exponential-plus-constant regression model, but less appropriate when using the third-order polynomial regression model. In conclusion, exponential-plus-constant using the proportional final speed criterion is preferred over LT and over third-order polynomial regression model to determine a reliable LT.
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