-This study aimed to verify the relationship between breeding for tolerance to low levels of soil nutrients and for nutrient use efficiency in tropical maize. Fifteen inbred lines were evaluated in two greenhouse experiments under contrasting levels of N and P. The relationship between nutritional efficiency and tolerance to nutritional stress was estimated by the Spearman ranking correlation between the genotypes for the traits related to N and P use efficiency and phenotypic plasticity indices. The lack of relationship between the traits, in magnitude as
Resumo -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o controle genético da eficiência no uso do nitrogênio (EUN), identificar a importância das eficiências na absorção (EAN) e na utilização (EUtN) na sua composição, e quantificar relação entre produção de matéria seca da parte aérea (MPS) e do sistema radicular com a EUN e com seus componentes. Foram avaliadas 41 combinações híbridas em duas disponibilidades de N: baixa (BN) e alta (AN). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições, em arranjo fatorial simples (combinação híbrida x disponibilidade de N). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio das equações de modelos mistos. Correlações de elevada magnitude foram detectadas entre EAN e EUN, bem como entre essas eficiências e a MPS, tanto em BN como em AN. Em ambas as disponibilidades de N, efeitos genéticos aditivos apresentaram maior importância para os caracteres associados à EUN. Dessa forma, a seleção baseada no desempenho individual de linhagens quanto à MPS pode possibilitar a obtenção de genótipos com alta EUN. Independentemente da disponibilidade de N, a EAN é o componente mais importante da EUN.Termos para indexação: Zea mays, capacidade de combinação, disponibilidade de nitrogênio, estresse nutricional, REML/Blup, sistema radicular. Genetic effects of traits associated to nitrogen use efficiency in maizeAbstract -The objectives of this work were to determine the genetic control of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), to identify the importance of N acquisition (NAE) and utilization (NUtE) efficiencies on its composition, and to quantify the relation between production of shoot (SDM) and root dry matter mass with NUE and its components. Forty-one hybrid combinations were evaluated in two N availabilities: low (LN) and high (HN). A randomized complete block design with two replicates, in a simple factorial arrangement (hybrid combination x N availability), was used. Statistical analyses were done using mixed model equations. High magnitude correlations were detected between NAE and NUE, and between these efficiencies and SDM in LN and HN. In both N availabilities, additive genetic effects were more important for the traits associated with NUE. Therefore, selection based on the individual performance of inbred lines as to SDM can allow for the obtainment of genotypes with high NUE. Independently of N availability, NAE is the most important component of NUE.
ResumoEste trabalho teve por objetivo a elaboração de um índice que permita a seleção acurada de cultivares de milho com aptidão tanto para a produção de minimilho quanto para de milho verde. Os experimentos foram realizados no ano agrícola de 2002/2003 com dez cultivares comerciais de milho em dois experimentos. O primeiro quanto ao rendimento de minimilho e o segundo quanto ao de milho verde, delineados em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. A importância relativa dos caracteres estudados foi estimada por meio do método dos componentes principais e o agrupamento destes foi realizado pela análise de fatores. O seguinte índice foi obtido: I = 0,031 NEM + 0,013 MEM + 0,207 NEV + 0,243 MEV -0,16 AP -0,058 MFP, em que, NEM, MEM, NEV, MEV, AP e MFP são o número e a massa de espigas empalhadas de minimilho e de milho verde, altura de planta e massa de pendão fresca respectivamente. Esse índice indicou que híbridos triplos DKB 350, AG 8080 e AG 6690 e o duplo DKB 747 revelaram os melhores desempenhos para as produções de minimilho e de milho verde.Palavras-chave: componentes principais, análise de fatores, Zea mays L. Selection index of maize cultivars with twice fitness: baby corn and green corn AbstractThis study aimed to propose an index for allowing accurate selection of corn hybrids for producing both baby corn and green corn. The experiments were carried out during the 2002/2003 growing season and ten commercial corn cultivars were evaluated in two experiments, the first for evaluating the yield of baby corn and the second for the yield of green corn. Both experiments were designed in randomized blocks, with three replications. The relative importance of traits was estimated by the principal components method and the cluster analysis was carried out. The following index was obtained: I = 0.031 NEM + 0.013 MEM + 0.207 NEV + 0.243 MEV -0.16 AP -0.058 MFP, being considered the variables: number and mass of husked ears for baby corn (NEM and MEM) and green corn (NEV and MEV), plant height (AP) and the fresh mass of tassel (MFP). This index indicated that the three-way cross hybrids DKB 350, AG 8080 and AG 6690 and the double-cross hybrids DKB 747 have the best performances for the production of baby corn and green corn.
ABSTRACT. This study had three objectives: i) to observe maize inbred lines response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition as well as their utilization efficiencies and traits of root morphology in contrasting levels of these nutrients, ii) to study the relationship between root morphology and nutrient use efficiencies for both nutrients, and iii) to identify contrasting parents with components N and P use efficiency for an inheritance study. We evaluated 15 inbred lines in two experiments conducted in contrasting conditions of N and P. We evaluated the shoot, root traits and nutritional efficiencies and observed the genetic variability for most traits. Selection can be practiced for most of these traits in specific environments. Under conditions of nutritional stress, average and heritability estimates were of lesser magnitude. In this study, the shoot and root morphology traits were shown to be associated with the acquisition efficiency of both N and P in all of the environments that were evaluated.Keywords: Zea mays, acquisition and utilization efficiencies, root morphology, abiotic stress, REML/BLUP.Respostas genéticas de caracteres relacionados aos componentes da eficiência no uso de nitrogênio e fósforo em milho RESUMO. Esse estudo teve três objetivos: i) observar a resposta de linhagens de milho quanto às eficiências de absorção e de utilização de N e P e de caracteres de morfologia de raiz em níveis contrastantes destes nutrientes; ii) estudar as relações entre caracteres de morfologia de raiz e as eficiências nutricionais para ambos os nutrientes e iii) identificar genitores contrastantes quanto aos componentes da eficiencia no uso de N e P para estudo de herança. Foram avaliadas 15 linhagens de milho em dois experimentos conduzidos em condições contrastantes de N e P. Avaliou-se parte aérea, caracteres de raiz e eficiências nutricionais e Observou-se variabilidade genética para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados. A seleção pode ser praticada para a maioria destes caracteres em ambientes específicos. Em condições de estresse nutricional, as médias e herdabilidades apresentaram estimativas de menor magnitude. Nesse estudo, os caracteres parte aérea e morfologia de raiz apresentaram elevada associação com a eficiência de absorção, tanto para N como para P, em todos os ambientes avaliados.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, eficiências de absorção e de utilização, morfologia radicular, estresse abiótico, REML/BLUP.
Genome wide selection and new methods of maize breedingThe objectives of this work were to verify the accuracy of the Genome Wide Selection method (GWS) in the maize breeding for nutritional stress conditions and propose new breeding methods based on GWS. The efficiency of two components of use of nitrogen and phosphorus (absorption and utilization) was estimated in 41 single-cross hybrids assessed in two experiments under low and high availability of N and P. Eighty microsatellite markers were used to genotype the base population. The estimates of genetic parameters were obtained by REML/BLUP and the predictions of genetic genomic values were obtained by random regression (RR), applied to genome wide selection (RR-BLUP/ GWS). GWS showed high values of accuracy for the traits; it was comparable to the methods of Recurrent Intra and Interpopulational Selection. It was concluded that there is a significant increase in selective accuracy and in the genetic gains per unit of time with use of GWS.
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