The forests of Amazonia are among the most biodiverse plant communities on Earth. Given the immediate threats posed by climate and land-use change, an improved understanding of how this extraordinary biodiversity is spatially organized is urgently required to develop effective conservation strategies. Most Amazonian tree species are extremely rare, but a small number are common across the region. Indeed, just 227 "hyperdominant" species account for more than 50% of all individuals > 10 cm dbh. Yet, the degree to which the phenomenon of hyperdominance is sensitive to tree size, the extent to which the composition of dominant species changes with size-class, and how evolutionary history constrains tree hyperdominance, all remain unknown. Here, we use a unique floristic dataset to show that,
La inducción de agallas en plantas representa tanto modificaciones morfológicas como fisiológicas de órganos y tejidos vegetales causados por insectos endofagos. En el presente estudio, se realizó una revisión sobre los avances y desafíos para el estudio de este gremio de insectos, así como, la diversidad estimada de insectos agalladores y sus plantas hospederas en América Latina. Encontramos que la mayoría de estudios de insectos inductores de agallas durante el periodo 1950-2013 fueron realizados en Brasil y México, que en conjunto contribuyeron con cerca del 80% de la producción científica latino-americana. Para América Latina los insectos que inducen agallas pertenecen principalmente Diptera (500 spp.), Hemiptera (111 spp.), Hymenoptera (36 spp.), Coleoptera (20 spp.), Lepidoptera (19 spp.) y Thysanoptera (2 spp.). Fabaceae y Asteraceae son las principales familias hospederas de insectos que inducen agallas. Nosotros estimamos que deben existir cerca de 15,407 especies de insectos inductores de agallas en América Latina, siendo Brasil (5,540), México (4,286), Colombia (4,194) y Perú (3,090) que tendrían el mayor número esperado de especies agalladores.
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