This paper is aimed to document the observed social exclusion and discrimination in the outbreak of COVID-19 across the world and inside of China. Discrimination and social exclusion has occurred in various forms, while 25.11% of respondents overseas experienced discrimination in the breakout of COVID-19, and 90% of respondents inside of China exhibited discriminatory attitudes. The discrimination and social exclusion also lead to a range of damaging social outcomes. Thus, this is an urgent call for the inclusiveness in policy and media in the face of this public health emergency.

The 2010 Nagoya Protocol under the Convention on Biological Diversity and recent changes in the policies of major international conservation organizations highlight current interest in revisiting the moral case for conservation. Concerns with equity and human rights challenge well-established notions of justice centered on human responsibility toward nature, the common good or the rights of future generations. This review introduces an empirical approach to the analysis of justice and shows how conservation scientists can apply it to ecosystem services-based governance (or in short, ecosystem governance). It identifies dominant notions of justice and points out their compatibility with utilitarian theories of justice. It then discusses the limited appropriateness of these notions in many contexts in which conservation takes place in the Global South and explores how technical components of ecosystem governance influence the realization of the notions in practice. The review highlights the need for conservation scientists and managers to analyze the justice of ecosystem governance in addition to their effectiveness and efficiency. Justice offers a more encompassing perspective than equity for the empirical analysis of conservation governance.

More than two decades ago, Schlager and Ostrom (1992) developed ‘a conceptual schema for arraying property-rights regimes that distinguishes among diverse bundles of rights’. The conceptual framework has profoundly influenced research on natural resource governance, common property, and community resource management. However, currently natural resource governance has changed dramatically, challenging the applicability of the conceptual schema. There are now many more social actors involved in resource management than the local communities at the focus of original analysis. Additionally, resource management increasingly provides access to various kinds of benefits from outside the immediate context, including indirect benefits such as payments for environmental services and results-based payments for REDD+. These changes demand addition of new property rights to the original framework. Those changes of governance process demand addition of property right to original framework. This paper updates the conceptual schema in reaction to changes in natural resource governance, proposing three specific modifications on the focus of use rights, control rights and authoritative rights to come up with a framework that distinguishes eight types of property rights. We apply the framework to three purposefully selected governance interventions in China and Laos that include the provision of indirect benefits in addition to the direct benefits derived by local people from natural resources. The empirical application shows how contemporary governance changes may not lead to local people’s outright dispossession, since they continue to possess direct use rights to natural resources. However, local people may be excluded from control and authoritative rights, which are exercised exclusively by state agencies and international actors. The latter make available indirect benefits to local people, which may or may not translate into use rights in the sense of policy-based entitlements. The empirical insights suggest the possibility of a wider trend of ‘compensated exclusions’ in natural resource governance

As a novel family of cell surface receptors, triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREMs) play an important role in inflammatory responses. However, the role of TREMs in the ocular immune system remains unknown. In this study, we examined the expression and function of TREM-1 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, one of the most common sight-threatening ocular diseases. TREM-1 was significantly increased in human corneas after P. aeruginosa infection. Consistent with TREM-1 expression at the human ocular surface, TREM-1 levels (mRNA and protein) were also elevated in the infected corneas of C57BL/6 (B6) mice at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection. To determine whether TREM-1 dictates the outcome of P. aeruginosa keratitis in susceptible mice, TREM-1 signaling in B6 mice was blocked with a soluble mTREM-1/Fc fusion protein. The results indicated that blockade of TREM-1 reduced the severity of corneal disease, polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration, Th1/proinflammatory cytokine expression and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation but enhanced the production of Th2 cytokines, murine ␤-defensin 2 (mBD2), single Ig interleukin-1R-related molecule (SIGIRR), and ST2. Furthermore, we also used agonistic anti-mTREM-1 antibody to activate TREM-1 signaling in B6 mice and found that TREM-1 activation resulted in worsened disease and earlier corneal perforation in infected B6 mouse corneas and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR signaling molecules but reduced expression of mBD2, SIGIRR, and ST2. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that TREM-1 functions as an inflammatory amplifier in P. aeruginosa keratitis by modulating TLR signaling and Th1/Th2 responses.