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In this article, the functions of political appointees have been classified by an index on the relation between politics and bureaucracy. Based on that classification, the real states of four democracies, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Japan, have been examined. From this study, the causation consisting of the politico-administrative relation (concretely, the insider-outsider factor and the line-staff factor), the independent value, and the political appointees' functions (advice, decision-making and interface between politicians and civil servants), the dependent value, has been confirmed. Through this examination from a comparative perspective, a proposal of generalization about the political appointees' functions has been presented.

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This article focuses on legislative supporting agencies (LSAs) as agencies supporting the activities of legislature and elucidates the relation between LSAs’ institutional development and other political factors, paying attention to the difference between the presidential system and the parliamentary system. The concrete factors that would influence LSAs’ development, i.e. ‘presidential system or parliamentary system’, ‘whether a government has a right to initiate a bill’ and ‘whether a person can concurrently have positions in both the executive and the legislative branches’, are presented, and as a result of statistical analyses, it is clarified that these factors have an impact on the development level of LSAs to some extent.

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