Objective To examine potential changes in the dynamic characteristics of regional neural activity in young smokers and to detect whether the changes were associated with smoking behavior. Methods The dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) and dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dALFF) in 40 young smokers and 42 nonsmokers were compared. Correlation analyses were also performed between dReHo and dALFF in areas showing group differences and smoking behavior [e.g., the Fagerström Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND) scores and pack-years]. Results Significantly differences in dReHo variability were observed in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior frontal gyrus (SFG), medial frontal gyrus (MFG), insula, cuneus, postcentral gyrus, inferior semi-lunar lobule, orbitofrontal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). Young smokers also showed significantly increased dALFF variability in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ITG. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between dALFF variability in the ACC and the pack-years; whereas a significant negative correlation between dReHo variability in the IFG and the FTND scores was found in young smokers. Conclusion The pattern of resting state regional neural activity variability was different between young smokers and nonsmokers. Dynamic regional indexes might be a novel neuroimaging biomarker of smoking behavior in young smokers.

To study the impact of the medical Tourism Industry on regional economic performance, a Markov prediction method was proposed. An improved Markov chain combination forecasting method was established by analyzing the economy of healthcare tourism industry through Markov chain forecasting method and various processing methods for economic results of different years. The research results show that healthcare tourism industry service is a new and highly potential tourism product service. It can generate significant economic and social benefits. The value and market size of healthcare tourism industry is analyzed and studied by using Markov model to explore the complementary roles of Medical and Tourism, which helps to predict the development of market size and benefits. The model results are also analyzed and calculated. The benefits and scale of the development of the healthcare tourism industry are evaluated by combining the actual data situation and development conditions in each year.

This paper applied landscape indexes to evaluate the size, form, and structure of green spaces in the mountainous city of Chongqing and found that green spaces benefit from certain advantages in size, but the network suffered from low heterogeneity and limited interconnectivity. To ensure the integrity and continuity of ecological processes and improve the efficiency of ecosystem services (ES), the authors used Geographic Information System (GIS) software to conduct adaptability evaluation and adjacent buffer analysis for the existing green spaces, wetlands, rivers, and other landscapes with relatively high capacity for ES. We designed a comprehensive map of potential areas for UGS expansion by superimposing the maps obtained from adaptability evaluation and buffer analysis. We also proposed some strategies that respect, consider, and evaluate aspects and special features of urban environment to optimize green space planning and improve ES efficiency, such as protection of important areas, development of green corridors, and careful consideration of ecological processes and complex functions in urban areas. Based on these strategies, the paper put forth suggestions for green space planning to improve ES efficiency that can function as foundation for subsequent green space planning.

This paper presents an algorithm of computing the robust viability kernel for discrete‐time switched systems with arbitrary switching rule and bounded disturbance based on the robust one‐step set and Pontryagin difference. The algorithm can be implemented by performing the relevant set computations using polyhedral algebra and computational geometry software when switched systems are linear. In addition, we propose a method of computing inner approximation of the robust viability kernel for switched systems based on the set theory. The convergence of the iterative algorithm is proved using a null controllable set. Finally, two examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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