We propose a way to observe the photon ring of the asymptotically anti-de Sitter black hole dual to a superconductor on the two-dimensional sphere. We consider the electric current of the superconductor under the localized time-periodic external electromagnetic field. On the gravity side, the bulk Maxwell field is sent from the AdS boundary and then diffracted by the black hole. We construct the image of the black hole from the asymptotic data of the bulk Maxwell field that corresponds to the electric current on the field theory side. We decompose the electric current into the dissipative and non-dissipative parts and take the dissipative part for the imaging of the black hole. We investigate the effect of the charged scalar condensate on the image. We obtain the bulk images that indicate the discontinuous change of the size of the photon ring.

The Ryu-Takayanagi(RT) conjecture proposes that the entanglement entropy of a CFT in the large c limit is equivalent to an area of an appropriate minimal surface in the dual bulk. However, there are some cases that RT conjecture predicts the entanglement entropy, which contradict to that of the corresponding CFT. In this paper, we present a refined gravity dual of the entanglement entropy of the large c limit CFT as the sum of all the signed areas of cosmic branes satisfying a refined homologous condition.

The Ryu–Takayanagi formula provides the entanglement entropy of quantum field theory as an area of the minimal surface (Ryu–Takayanagi surface) in a corresponding gravity theory. There are some attempts to understand the formula as a flow rather than as a surface. In this paper, we consider null rays emitted from the AdS boundary and construct a flow representing the causal holographic information. We present a sufficient and necessary condition that the causal information surface coincides with Ryu–Takayanagi surface. In particular, we show that, in spherical symmetric static spacetimes with a negative cosmological constant, wave fronts of null geodesics from a point on the AdS boundary become extremal surfaces and therefore they can be regarded as the Ryu–Takayanagi surfaces. In addition, from the viewpoint of flow, we propose a wave optical formula to calculate the causal holographic information.

Purpose To report on the safety and effectiveness of intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in clinical practice in Japan. Patients and Methods This prospective, noninterventional, multicenter post-authorization safety study enrolled patients who were treated with IVT-AFL for macular edema secondary to CRVO and followed up for 24 months. The primary outcome was the occurrence of safety events. Other pre-specified outcomes were indicators of effectiveness, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and frequency of injections. Results The safety analysis included 377 patients who received at least one IVT-AFL. Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 22 patients (5.84%) and adverse drug reactions occurred in 5 (1.33%) over 24 months. Of the 22 patients with AEs, 72.7% experienced their first AEs by the third injection. The effectiveness analysis set comprised 360 patients for whom data on each outcome could be collected. The number of injections over 24 months was 3.4 ± 2.4 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]). BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) was 0.709 ± 0.535 (mean ± SD) ( n = 357) at baseline and 0.543 ± 0.559 ( n = 97) after 24 months of treatment with IVT-AFL. CRT was 552.6 ± 211.3 μm (mean ± SD) ( n = 214) at baseline and 331.5 ± 144.0 μm ( n = 54) at 24 months. Conclusion There were no new safety issues concerning routine administration of IVT-AFL for macular edema secondary to CRVO. BCVA recovered during 24 months of IVT-AFL treatment in the real-world setting. However, there was a trend toward less improvement compared with the results of randomized controlled trials, likely due in part to undertreatment.

The Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture contradicts 1 + 1-dimensional CFT if we apply it to two far disjoint intervals because it predicts the product state. Instead of the conventional conjecture, we propose a holographic entanglement entropy formula that the entanglement entropy of two disjoint intervals is described by the appropriate sum of the area of signed extremal curves. We confirm that the resulting holographic entanglement entropy is consistent with the entanglement entropy for the specific two disjoint intervals evaluated in the large c limit CFT.