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Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild marine mammals is a growing problem and is associated with adverse impacts on marine animal and public health. This systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression estimates the global prevalence of T. gondii infection in wild marine mammals and analyses the association between T. gondii infection and epidemiological variables. PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases were searched until 30 May 2021. Eighty‐four studies (n = 14,931 wild marine mammals from 15 families) were identified from literature. The overall pooled prevalence of T. gondii infection was 22.44% [3848/14,931; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.29–28.04]. The prevalence in adult animals 21.88% (798/3119; 95% CI: 13.40–31.59) was higher than in the younger age groups. North America had a higher prevalence 29.92% (2756/9243; 95% CI: 21.77–38.77) compared with other continents. At the country level, the highest prevalence was found in Spain 44.26% (19/88; 95%CI: 5.21–88.54). Regarding climatic variables, the highest prevalence was found in areas with a mean annual temperature >20°C 36.28% (171/562; 95% CI: 6.36–73.61) and areas with an annual precipitation > 800 mm 26.92% (1341/5042; 95% CI: 18.20–36.59). The subgroup and meta‐regression analyses showed that study‐level covariates, including age, country, continent, and mean temperature, partly explained the between‐study heterogeneity. Further studies are needed to investigate the source of terrestrial to aquatic dissemination of T. gondii oocysts, the fate of this parasite in marine habitat and its effects on wild marine mammals.

Anisakidosis, caused by anisakid larvae, is an important fish-borne zoonosis. This study aimed to summarize the prevalence of anisakid infection in fish in China. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using five bibliographic databases (PubMed, CNKI, ScienceDirect, WanFang, and VIP Chinese Journal Databases). A total of 40 articles related to anisakid infection in fish in China were finally included. Anisakid nematodes were prevalent in a wide range of fish species, and the overall pooled prevalence of anisakid nematodes in fish in China was 45.5%. Fresh fish had the highest prevalence rate (58.1%). The highest prevalence rate was observed in Eastern China (55.3%), and fish from East China Sea showed the highest prevalence of anisakid nematodes (76.8%). Subgroup analysis by sampling year suggested that the infection rate was higher during the years 2001–2011 (51.0%) than the other periods. Analysis of study quality revealed that the middle-quality studies reported the highest prevalence (59.9%). Compared with other seasons, winter had the highest prevalence (81.8%). The detection rate of anisakid nematodes in muscle was lower (7.8%, 95% CI: 0.0–37.6) than in other fish organs. Our findings suggested that anisakid infection was still common among fish in China. We recommend avoiding eating raw or undercooked fish. Region, site of infection, fish status and quality level were the main risk factors, and a continuous monitoring of anisakid infection in fish in China is needed.