Luciferase is the most common enzyme which is mostly present in aquatic species that helps in preventing from capturing by other predators. Naturally Luc gene signaling expressed level of the luciferase enzyme in the cell of various luminescent organisms. In some cases, they might be sessile or free swimming, and their structure a huge piece of the skimming tiny sh. Similar species are regularly discovered broadly isolated in time and also in space. A few animal groups may have spread over topographical periods surpassing 100 million years. In rey luciferase is a type of second reporter which is used for high resolution wide analysis of promoter activities. Reporter system has full capacity to oxidize luciferin protein in presence of oxyluciferin + CO2 + H2O and light, its reaction contains an enzyme called luciferase then a luciferin-binding protein which helps in sequestering and later in releasing the luciferin, apart from that they contain GFP i.e., green uorescent protein. Bioluminescence signaling is a powerful biological property that has been repurposed by the many scientists as a reporting pathway in animals and plants. Such as luciferin substrate (soluble in water) can be used for visualization of dynamic changes expression of gene in luminescent species.

Diabetes is a disease chronic disease which affects global population from long time. This review is an update on unknown complications, causes, treatment modalities of this disease. This article also provides a summary on disease management through various strategies. Diabetic complications are the challenges associated with diabetes in the form of micro and macro vascular complications; microvascular compications include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy whereas macrovascular compications include coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and cerebrovascular events (CVA). Complications of diabetes range from acute, life-threatening conditions such as severe hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis to chronic, debilitating complications affecting multiple organ systems, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Estimates of the prevalence of diabetic complications are challenging, in part because there are no internationally agreed upon standards for diagnosis. This review is an update on unknown complications, causes, prevention and treatment of this disease. This article also provides a summary on disease management through various strategies.

In recent years, many research groups have begun to utilize bioengineered in vitro models of cancer to study mechanisms of disease progression, test drug candidates, and develop platforms to advance personalized drug treatment options. Due to advances in cell and tissue engineering over the last few decades, there are now a myriad of tools that can be used to create such in vitro systems. In this review, we describe the considerations one must take when developing model systems that accurately mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be used to answer specific scientific questions. We will summarize the importance of cell sourcing in models with one or multiple cell types and outline the importance of choosing biomaterials that accurately mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor or tissue that is being modeled. We then provide examples of how these two components can be used in concert in a variety of model form factors and conclude by discussing how biofabrication techniques such as bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip fabrication can be used to create highly reproducible complex in vitro models. Since this topic has a broad range of applications, we use the final section of the review to dive deeper into one type of cancer, glioblastoma, to illustrate how these components come together to further our knowledge of cancer biology and move us closer to developing novel drugs and systems that improve patient outcomes. Glioblastomas are universally fatal cancers and contain self-renewing glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that initiate tumors. Traditional anticancer drug development based on in vitro cultures tends to select targets with low therapeutic indices and fails to effectively represent the tumour microenvironment's impacts. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer, with treatment options often constrained due to inherent resistance of malignant cells to conventional therapy. We investigated the impact of triggering programmed cell death (PCD) by using BH3 mimetic drugs in human GBM cell lines. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been characterized by the high incidence, therapy tolerance and relapse. The molecular events controlling GBM resistant to chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ) remain to be elusive. Here, we identified WNT signaling was amplified by TMZ and mediated drug response in GBM. We found O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was redundant to WNT-mediated chemoresistance, which was highly associated with p53 mutation status. In GBM with p53 mutation, loss of function of p53 downregulated miR-34a expression, which represses transcription of WNT ligand 6 (WNT6) by directly binding to 3′ UTR of WNT6 mRNA, leading to activation of WNT signaling, and the eventual WNT-mediated chemoresistance to TMZ. Combined treatment of TMZ with WNT inhibitor or miR34a mimic induced drug sensitivity of p53-mutant GBM cells and extended survival in xenograft mice in vivo. Our findings provide insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of GBM chemoresistance to TMZ and facilitating to develop novel treatment strategy to combat p53-mutant GBM by targeting miR-34a/WNT6 axis. Advantages and drawbacks of dexamethasone in glioblastoma multiforme: Dexamethasone has been used for many years to treat brain edema and inflammation caused by GBM.Several investigations have shown that dexamethasone also exerts antitumoral effects against GBM.Unfortunately, steroids are associated with various undesirable side effects. Herein, we review pre-clinical and clinical applications of Dexamethasone in GBM. The most widespread, malignant, and deadliest type of glial tumor is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Despite radiation, chemotherapy, and radical surgery, the median survival of afflicted individuals is about 12 months. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic interventions are abysmal. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been used for many years to treat brain edema and inflammation caused by GBM. Several investigations have recently shown that Dex also exerts antitumoral effects against GBM. On the other hand, more recent disputed findings have questioned the long-held dogma of Dex treatment for GBM. Unfortunately, steroids are associated with various undesirable side effects, including severe immunosuppression and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia, which may impair the survival of GBM patients. Current ideas and concerns about Dex's effects on GBM cerebral edema, cell proliferation, migration, and its clinical outcomes were investigated in this study. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common, most formidable, and deadliest malignant types of primary astrocytoma with a poor prognosis. At present, the standard of care includes surgical tumor resection, followed by radiation therapy concomitant with chemotherapy and temozolomide. New developments and significant advances in the treatment of GBM have been achieved ..........

Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE), also known as AGER,is a 35 kilodalton transmembrane receptor of the Immunoglobulin super family. Its name is mainly due to its ability to bind to advanced glycation end products (AGE), including glycoproteins and glycans which have been modified non-enzymatically through the Maillard reaction. RAGE is referred to as a Pattern Recognition Receptor. Studies have determined the contribution of protein glycation to disease-states and have mainly aimed at the harmful effects and mechanisms of these glycotoxins. Thus, the development and testing of AGE inhibitors, especially natural anti-AGE formulations, i.e. RAGE inhibitors without any side effects, may provide a therapeutic approach. In particular, the pursuit of RAGE inhibitors using in vitro and in vivo models identifies naturally occurring compounds for preventing glycation. This leads to inhibition of RAGE. Synthetic compounds also can inhibit the RAGE. Available data suggests that natural and synthetic compounds which have certain chemical constituents, may attenuate glycation, and can lead to RAGE inhibition via Natural as well as synthetic Sources.

Diabetes-induced Cataract is a major concern regarding the cause of blindness in developed and developing countries. Recent basic research studies have emphasized the role of the polyol pathway in the initiation of the disease process. Diabetes induced cataract is also referred to as “Diabetic cataract”. Demographic studies have certainly enhanced our knowledge concerning an association between diabetes and cataract formation and have defined the risk factors for the development of cataracts. Diabetic patients also have a higher risk of complications after phacoemulsification cataract surgery as compared to non-diabetic people. Aldose-reductase inhibitors and antioxidants have been proven beneficial in the prevention or treatment of this sight-threatening condition in in vitro experimental studies. Aldose reductase inhibitors have a vital importance in the treatment and prevention of diabetic complications. Nowadays, use of natural, herbal, and naturopathic medications has increased, as they have more therapeutic potential and lesser side effects as compared to the allopathic and ayurvedic medications. This research work provides an insight into herbal standardized extract and its ocular formulation development, Eyedrop, as an easy, sterile, safe, and alternative to phacoemulsification. Development of eyedrop as an ocular formulation and its standardization with an in vitro evaluation of the herbal extract for the prevention as well as treatment of Diabetic cataract.