We report the engineering of a novel lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle (NP) as a robust drug delivery platform, with high drug encapsulation yield, tunable and sustained drug release profile, excellent serum stability, and potential for differential targeting of cells or tissues. The NP is comprised of three distinct functional components: i) a hydrophobic polymeric core where poorly water-soluble drugs can be encapsulated; ii) a hydrophilic polymeric shell with anti-biofouling properties to enhance NP stability and systemic circulation half-life; and iii) a lipid monolayer at the interface of the core and the shell that acts as a molecular fence to promote drug retention inside the polymeric core, thereby enhancing drug encapsulation efficiency, increasing drug loading yield, and controlling drug release. The NP is prepared by self-assembly through a single-step nanoprecipitation method in a reproducible and predictable manner, making it potentially suitable for scale-up

In the wake of the global financial crisis (GFC), many nations embarked on reform to the financial regulatory system. This reform, unprecedented in its scope, touched virtually every part of the financial system in the United States and Western Europe. This article summarizes the key reforms, explains how these reforms fit together, assesses the relevant scholarly literature, and suggests six significant areas of open questions for researchers. These six areas are ( a) liquidity rules, ( b) central clearing of swaps, ( c) shadow banking, ( d) lenders of last resort, ( e) extended guarantees, and ( f) resolution and restructuring.

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