In recent years, a global consensus has emerged on the importance of climate change risks. Climate change risk is also known to affect investment decision-making processes, such as those related to the issuance of Green Bonds and the use of ESG investment principles. Given this context, we examine whether there is a relationship between the cost of capital and climate change risk, by focusing on companies under the Target Management Scheme in Korea. Companies with high levels of greenhouse gas emissions or energy use are more likely to be exposed to the uncertainty related to future climate change risks. We measure the climate change risks faced by companies using information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption of companies that were announced in the Korean GHG Information Center from 2011 to 2015. We use the weighted average cost of capital provided by NICE Credit Information Co. Ltd., as a proxy for cost of capital. We find that companies with higher risk of climate change have higher cost of capital. In addition, we show that there is a significant positive relationship between climate change risks and cost of capital in high climate change risk industries.

A B S T R A C TThis study examines the relationship between climate change risks and firm value using listed Korean companies that are subject to the Target Management System from 2011 to 2015. The proxies of climate change risks are levels of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, and the proxy of firm value is the Tobin's Q. We find that higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption have a greater negative impact on firm value. Moreover, these relationships are stronger in the group of industries with high climate change risks. This study presents evidence that climate change risks may also have an impact on the value of companies in newly industrialized countries. We try to minimize self-selection bias by using greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption data disclosed in accordance to the local law. Lastly, this study can be used to lay the foundation for policy making by confirming that making efforts to cut greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption to levels lower than the industry average is important.

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Background: Meditation has been increasingly adapted for healthy populations and participants with diseases. Its beneficial effects are still challenging to determine due to the heterogeneity and methodological obstacles regarding medical applications. This study aimed to integrate the features of therapeutic meditation in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of RCTs with meditation for populations with diseases using the PubMed database through June 2021. We analyzed the characteristics of the diseases/disorders, participants, measurements, and their overall benefits. Results: Among a total of 4855 references, 104 RCTs were determined and mainly applied mindfulness-based (51 RCTs), yoga-based (32 RCTs), and transcendental meditation (14 RCTs) to 10,139 patient-participants. These RCTs were conducted for participants with a total of 45 kinds of disorders; the most frequent being cancer, followed by musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases and affective mood disorder. Seven symptoms or signs were frequently assessed: depressive mood, feeling anxious, quality of life, stress, sleep, pain, and fatigue. The RCTs showed a higher ratio of positive outcomes for sleep (73.9%) and fatigue (68.4%). Conclusions: This systematic review produced the comprehensive features of RCTs for therapeutic meditation. These results will help physicians and researchers further study clinical adaptations in the future as reference data.

Purpose This study aims to explore empirical evidence of the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on stock market volatility. Design/methodology/approach Using panel data of 35 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries from 1992 to 2018, we conduct both fixed effects panel model and Prais-Winsten model with panel-corrected standard errors. Findings The authors document that there is a significant positive relationship between GHG emissions and stock market volatility. The results remain robust after controlling for potential endogeneity problems. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature in that it provides additional empirical evidence for the financial risk posed by climate change.