No abstract

In order to manage a sewer system effectively, flow conditions such as flux, water quality, Infiltration and Inflow (I/I), Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs), etc need to be monitored on a regular base. Therefore, in sewer networks, a monitoring is so important to prevent the river disaster. Monitoring all nodes of an entire sewer system is not necessary and cost-prohibitive. Water quality monitoring points that can represent a sewer system should be selected in a economical manner. There is no a standard for the selection of monitoring points and the quantitative analysis of the observed data has not been applied in sewer system. In this study, the entropy method was applied for a sewer network to evaluate and determine the optimal water quality monitoring points using genetic algorithm. The entropy method allows to analyze the observed data for the pattern and magnitude of temporal water quality change. Since water quality measurement usually accompanies with flow measurement, a set of installation locations of flowmeters was chosen as decision variables in this study.

The phenomenon and impact of abnormal weather caused by climate change is not limited domestically, and the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters are increasing. In Korea, heavy rainfall has occurred, and sea level rise is accelerating. This falls under domestic urban disasters, which cause severe damage due to multiple floods in the coastal cities. In this study, the risk of disaster in the coastal cities was examined using XP-SWMM. In order to tackle the risk of flooding due to sea level rise, we examined whether the performance targets for the prevention of disasters were appropriate. Performance targets for the prevention of disasters and various scenarios of sea level rise were applied to the urban drainage system in Changwon City, where flood damage had occurred due to sea level rise. In spite of the freefall conditions for the currently set performance targets for the prevention of disasters, it was confirmed that there is a greater risk of flooding due to sea level rise. The results of this study show the spatial variation of flood risk due to sea level change near the coastal cities. Furthermore, these results can be used as reference data for establishing countermeasures to tackle related disasters.

The aim of this study is comparing the effects of taping application before and after stabilization exercise on the level of pain and muscle activation in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. Group A (n=10) performed 30-min scapular stabilization exercise. Group B (n=10) performed 30-min scapular stabilization exercise with taping before therapy. Group C (n=10) was provided with taping therapy only after 30-min scapular stabilization exercise. Subjects were measured for pain on a visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold, and were tested for muscle activation on electromyogram. There were significant changes of the level of pain among three groups (p<0.05). Intergroup difference of PPT and VAS was bigger in taping applying group before stabilization exercise than other groups. There were significant changes of EMG on upper trapezius muscle among three groups (p<0.05). The intergroup difference of upper trapezius muscle activation was bigger in taping applying group before stabilization exercise than other groups (p<0.05). Taping application before stabilization exercise can be said to be effective at reducing the pain and preventing the over activity of upper trapezius muscle.

The object of this study was to investigate the influences of upper extremity exercises utilizing the upper extremity pattern of PNF, on the improvement of upper extremity functions in stroke patients. Ten subjects who agreed to participate in this study and satisfied the inclusion conditions were selected. They were randomized into the experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n = 5) received the upper extremity pattern of PNF after general physical therapy, whereas the control group (n = 5) received functional electrical stimulation after general physical therapy. To verify the intervention effects, the motor abilities before and after treatment were evaluated using the upper extremity distal part score of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and the action research arm test. In addition, the exercise activity measurement chart was used to evaluate the activities of daily living. The FMA wrist and FMA hand, and ARAT score showed statistically significant differences between before and after the experiment in the experimental and control groups, respectively. In the comparison of treatment effects of the therapeutic intervention, the experimental group showed a statistically significant larger change compared to the control group. 1