Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) causes chronic pulmonary infections and is the most difficult non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to treat due to its resistance to current antimicrobial drugs, with a treatment success rate of 45.6%. Thus, novel treatment drugs are needed, of which we identified the drug clomiphene citrate (CC), known to treat infertility in women, to exhibit inhibitory activity against M. abscessus. To assess the potential of CC as a treatment for M. abscessus pulmonary diseases, we measured its efficacy in vitro and established the intracellular activity of CC against M. abscessus in human macrophages. CC significantly inhibited the growth of not only wild-type M. abscessus strains but also clinical isolate strains and clarithromycin (CLR)-resistant strains of M. abscessus. CC’s drug efficacy did not have cytotoxicity in the infected macrophages. Furthermore, CC worked in anaerobic non-replicating conditions as well as in the presence of biofilm. The results of this in vitro study on M. abscessus activity suggest the possibility of using CC to develop new drug hypotheses for the treatment of M. abscessus infections.

This report summarizes key issues contributing to the cost of preparing human pluripotent stem cell lines for use in cell therapy manufacturing based on discussion between stem cell banking experts from ten countries at a workshop session on 'cost of goods' for human pluripotent stem cell banking organized by the International Stem Cell Banking Initiative (ISCBI) held at the Korea National Institutes of Health in Korea (25 th September 2019). In this report, we also build on the workshop discussion and highlight and discuss the full range of costs and unexpected challenges on resources for the delivery of stocks of hPSCs suitable for use as starting materials in the manufacture of stem cell-based medicines. The experiences of global leaders from different national resource centers highlight issues to consider in cost management and the possibilities for reducing costs while moving into the clinical application stage.