Forty-two patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea presenting over a 5 year period were analyzed as to age, sex, etiology, anatomical and clinical findings, and methods of investigation and treatment. Eighty-eight were traumatic in origin, with the most common anatomical sites being ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinuses, and the cribriform plate region. Meningitis and pneumocephalus were the most frequently associated clinical findings each present in 31% of the cases. Chemical analysis of the CSF for protein was positive in 88% of cases vs. 13% when the protein content was quantitatively analyzed. The demonstration and localization of CSF leaks were most effective using metrizamide and CAT scanning when they were active and by indium cisternography when they were small, intermittent, or questionable. The clinical management was divided into medical and surgical approaches with the advantages and disadvantages discussed.

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This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a cable considering geometrical nonlinearity due to the sagging effect, based on the elastic catenary cable thoery. The finite element method has been limited in application to the dynamic analysis of a cable element because its displacement interpolation function can not be obtained from the boundary conditions. This paper proposes a derivation of the interpolation function for spatially suspended catenary cable, using the flexibility matrix. Equations for the compatibility conditions of a catenary cable are derived under mutiple concentrated loads within an element. Also, self-weight and other vairous types of distributed load imposed within an element are discritized with equivalent concentrated loads at multiple Gaussian points. Dynamic inertia and damping forces along the cable profile are assumed to be distributed according to the developed interpolation functions so that internal forces are evaluated directly from the compatibility equations and flexiblity matrix. The proposed element is verified through an experiment testing the free vibration of a suspension cable, and the dynamic bahevior of a suspension cable is compared with the ABAQUS beam element where three-dimensional support excitations are imposed.