Information and communications technology (ICT) startups, which are relatively smaller than large companies, need to choose efficiency‐oriented networking strategies to efficiently utilize resources. However, the effects of networking strategies on ICT startups' efficiency have been relatively neglected. This study explores which networking strategies are effective for ICT startups. We compare the efficiencies of ICT startups with different interfirm networking strategies: formal networking, informal networking, and noncooperative networking. Technical efficiencies of each strategic group were measured using stochastic frontier analysis, and efficiencies among groups were compared using meta‐frontier analysis. Our results reveal that the noncooperative group has the highest technology gap ratio, followed by the informal and formal cooperative networking groups. This study presents the optimal networking strategy for ICT startups and highlights that interfirm networking is not essential for enhancing the overall competitiveness to ICT startups.

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Although video content includes many advantages over audio content in terms of information delivery, the latter is being continuously released into the market. Additionally, audio content is being consumed in repetitive daily work situations that require the continuous use of eyesight because such content transmits information by only using auditory stimuli. Therefore, this study examined how listening to audio content while performing simple repetitive tasks can affect the performance and perception of such tasks. Based on the findings, although the audio content type decreased the participants’ performance of the primary task, the difference was not statistically significant. Contrary to the effect on performance, the audio content lowered the fatigue and boredom of the primary task, while increasing satisfaction, enjoyment, and immersion. In particular, music, entertainment speech, and information speech had a significant effect on the participants’ work cognition, whereas autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) had no statistically significant effect.

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