Purpose To determine characteristics of Chinese men undergoing initial prostate biopsy and to evaluate the relationship between PSA levels and PCa/HGPCa detection in a large Chinese multicenter cohort. Materials and Methods 13,904 Urology outpatients received biopsy for indications as following were included in this retrospective study: PSA levels of > 4.0 ng/mL or PSA levels of <4.0 ng/ml but with abnormal DRE results. The PSA measurements were performed in accordance with the standard procedures at the respective institutions. The type of assay used was documented and recalibrated to the WHO standard. Results The incidence of PCa and HGPCa were lower in the Chinese cohort than Western cohorts at any given PSA level. Around 25% of patients with PSA levels of 4.0-10.0 ng/mL were found to have PCa compared to approximately 40% in US clinical practice. Moreover, the risk curves were generally flatter than that of the Western cohorts, that is, risk did not increase as rapidly with higher PSA. Conclusions The relationship between PSA level and prostate cancer risk differs importantly between Chinese and Western populations, with overall lower risk in the Chinese cohort. Further research should explore whether environmental or genetic differences explain these findings or whether they result from unmeasured differences in screening or benign prostate disease. Caution is required for the implementation of prostate cancer clinical decision rules or prediction models to men in China, or other Asian countries with similar genetic and environmental backgrounds.

Background/Aims: The current treatments fail to provide satisfactory cure for aggressive prostate cancers (PCs). Hence, further comprehension of PC metastasis is highly appreciated for improving the levels of therapy. We have previously shown that Adiponectin reduces the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in PCs to suppress tumor-associated neovascularization, possibly through AMPK/mTor signaling. Here, we studied the regulation of Adiponectin signaling in PCs. Methods: We analyzed the levels and correlation of Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and microRNA-323 (miR-323) in the PC specimen, compared to the paired normal prostate tissue. We analyzed the binding of miR-323 to the 3'UTR of AdipoR1 mRNA and its effects on AdipoR1 translation by bioinformatics analysis and by luciferase-reporter assay, respectively. We modified miR-323 levels in PC cells, and examined the effects on the expression of AdipoR1 and VEGF-A, as well as on vessel formation in a human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transwell collagen gel assay. Results: We detected significantly lower levels of AdipoR1 and significantly higher levels of miR-323 in PC specimen. Moreover, the levels of AdipoR1 and miR-323 are inversely correlated. Moreover, miR-323 was found to bind to the 3'UTR of AdipoR1 mRNA to inhibit its translation. Overexpression of miR-323 in PC cells decreased AdipoR1 protein levels, whereas inhibition of miR-323 increased AdipoR1 protein levels, without affecting AdipoR1 transcripts. Moreover, overexpression of miR-323 increased the levels of VEGF-A and the vessel formation by HUVECs, while inhibition of miR-323 decreased the levels of VEGF-A and the vessel formation by HUVECs. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that miR-323 may increase VEGF-A-mediated cancer vascularization in PC cells through AdipoR1 suppression.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationships between dietary fiber intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched to find eligible studies. Random-effects relative risk (RR) and its corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) were used. Besides, random-effects dose-response analyses were also performed to clarify the dose-response relations. Finally, publication bias was assessed by Egger's test and Begg's test. All p values were two tailed. Seven studies, including two cohort studies and five case-control studies, were eligible and included in this meta-analysis. Overall analysis in highest versus lowest level revealed that total dietary fiber intake was associated with reduced RCC risk (RR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.74-0.96). In addition, pooled estimated data showed that risk of RCC was significantly associated with vegetable and legume fiber intake (RR 0.70, RR 0.80, respectively), but not with fruit and cereal fiber intake (RR 0.92, RR 1.04, respectively). However, in dose-response analysis, no significant association was reported. Finally, no publication bias was detected by Egger's or Begg's test. The dietary fiber intake, especially vegetable and legume fiber, may be associated with reduced RCC risk. Considering the limitations of the included studies, more well-designed prospective studies will be needed to confirm our findings.

Photoselective vaporization and TURP provide comparable improvements in functional results, including International Prostate Symptom Score and maximum flow rate at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. Photoselective vaporization offers advantages over TURP in terms of intraoperative safety; however, TURP is found to have a shorter operative time and lower reoperative risk.