The results show that C. heyneana contains antioxidant compounds and has potent anti-aging activity, indicating that it can be used as an anti-aging drug candidate or as a phyto-cosmeceutical.

P2Y 12 is a platelet receptor that is involved in ADP signal transduction and is an attractive target for antithrombotic drugs. The side effects of antithrombotic drugs are not pleasant for the patient, so research into the development of new antithrombotic agents is still necessary. Evaluation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and the toxicity profile of candidate drugs is an important step in drug development. The aim of this study was to predict the potency of ferulic acid (FA) and its derivatives (FA1-24) as antiplatelet drugs by a docking study on the P2Y 12 receptor (PDB ID: 4PXZ) and their ADMET performance. The docking study was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker, version 5.5. ADMET prediction of FA was conducted using the pkCSM online tool. The results of the in silico study showed that FA-19 had the lowest MolDock score (MDS), which means that this compound is predicted to have the greatest activity. FA-19 is also predicted to be practically non-toxic. It is expected that FA-19 will have good intestinal absorption and is similarly distributed in the intestine and in the blood plasma. Its penetration in the bloodbrain barrier is moderate but does not inhibit the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes.

This study aimed to analyze the interaction of primaquine (PQ), chloroquine (CQ), and liposomes to support the design of optimal liposomal delivery for hepatic stage malaria infectious disease. The liposomes were composed of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(methoxy[polyethyleneglycol]-2000), prepared by thin film method, then evaluated for physicochemical and spectrospic characteristics. The calcein release was further evaluated to determine the effect of drug co-loading on liposomal membrane integrity. The results showed that loading PQ and CQ into liposomes produced changes in the infrared spectra of the diester phosphate and carbonyl ester located in the polar part of the phospholipid, in addition to the alkyl group (CH2) in the nonpolar portion. Moreover, the thermogram revealed the loss of the endothermic peak of liposomes dually loaded with PQ and CQ at 186.6 °C, which is identical to that of the phospholipid. However, no crystallinity changes were detected through powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Moreover, PQ, with either single or dual loading, produced the higher calcein release profiles from the liposomes than that of CQ. The dual loading of PQ and CQ tends to interact with the polar head group of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer membrane resulted in an increase in water permeability of the liposomes.

BACKGROUND<br />Many tumors express on their receptor tyrosine kinases vascular endothelial<br />growth factor activity associated with angiogenesis. Inhibition of<br />angiogenesis through reduction of tyrosine kinase activity is a promising<br />strategy for cancer therapy. The present study aimed to determine the<br />mechanism and potency of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) isolated<br />from Kaempferia galanga as angiogenesis inhibitor.<br />METHODS<br />A laboratory experimental study was conducted using chorio-allantoic<br />membranes (CAMs) of nine-day old chicken eggs induced by 60ng basic<br />fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) potency<br />was determined at dosages of 30, 60, 90 and 120 μg and compared with<br />celecoxib 60 μg as reference drug and one negative bFGF-induced control<br />group. Neovascularization and endothelial cell count in CAM blood vessels<br />were evaluated. To predict the antiangiogenic mechanism of EPMC, a<br />docking study was performed with the Molegro Virtual Docker program on<br />tyrosine kinase as receptor (PDB 1XKK).<br />RESULTS<br />Angiogenesis stimulation by bFGF was prevented significantly (p&lt;0.05)<br />by EPMC at dosages of 30, 60, 90 and 120 μg and this activity was dose<br />dependent. Molecular docking showed interaction between EPMC functional<br />groups and tyrosine kinase amino acids at Met766, Met793, Thr854, Thr790,<br />Gln791 and Ala743. There was an association between EPMC<br />antiangiogenic activity and docking study results.<br />CONCLUSIONS<br />Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate is a potential new angiogenesis inhibitor through<br />interaction with tyrosine kinase. EPMC could be a promising therapeutic<br />agent for treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.

INTRODUCTION: This study designed to verify the antiangiogenic activity of ferulic acid (FA) and its potency to inhibit COX-2 and VEGF expression on CAM model. Moreover besides, we verified its mechanism of action by docking the molecule on COX-2, tyrosine kinase and VEGF-2 proteins in silico METHODS: Anti-angiogenesis assay of FA at the doses of 30, 60 and 90 μg were performed using CAM of chicken eggs with nine-day old which were stimulated by 60 ng basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF). Celecoxib 60 μg was used as reference drug. The inhibitory activity on VEGF and COX-2 expressions were conducted by immunohistochemistry assay (IHC). Molecular docking of FA were accomplished by Molegro Virtual Docker program ver. 5.5. on COX-2 enzyme (PDB ID 1CX2), tyrosine kinase receptor (PDB ID 1XKK) and VEGF-2 receptor (PDB ID 4ASD). RESULTS: FA at doses 30, 60, 90 μg significantly prevented angiogenesis on CAM model (p<0.05), which were represented as inhibitory activities against endothelial cell of blood vessels (42.6-70.7%) and neovascularization (43.0-86.6%). Inhibitory activities of FA against VEGF expression were stronger than its action on COX-2 expression. Molecular docking on VEGF-2 receptor result in RS value of FA was -73,844 kcal/mol, and celecoxib was -94.557 kcal/mol. RS value on tyrosine kinase of FA was -84.954 kcal/mol, while celecoxib was -93.163 kcal/mol. Docking on COX-2 receptor denoted RS value of FA was -73,416 kcal/mol, while celecoxib was -118,107 kcal/mol. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Reduction of VEGF-2 & COX-2 expression due to treatment with FA at dose range 30-90 μg seem to be related to angiogenesis inhibition, which is presented by two parameters, namely inhibition of neovascularization and endothelial cell growth in blood vessels It was concluded that FA is promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent especially at early stage, and this activity can be resulted from inhibitory action on COX-2 and VEGF-2 proteins.