<p><strong>English</strong><br />Most potato farmers in Indonesia do not adopt certified potato seed. Relatively expensive price of certified seed is the main reason the farmers apply the seed produced by themselves. In general, prices of potato produced using certified seed and those produced using uncertified seed are relatively equal. The farmers who regularly apply certified seed are those having partnership with the potato processor. High risk of potato seed production discourages the certified seed producers to produce it in sufficient amount for market supply. Less cost of certified seed production and improved potato selling price will enhance farmers’ adoption of certified seed. The government needs to empower the farmers to produce quality seed by themselves through informal seed system development rather than they have to depend on commercial certified-seed produced by the formal seed industry.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Adopsi benih kentang bermutu oleh petani kentang di berbagai daerah relatif rendah. Harga benih kentang bersertifikat yang relatif lebih mahal dibanding benih kentang yang dibuat sendiri oleh petani merupakan alasan utama petani tidak menggunakan benih bersertifikat. Harga kentang yang berasal dari benih buatan sendiri dibanding harga kentang yang berasal dari benih bersertifikat jika dijual ke pasar umum harganya relatif sama. Penggunaan benih kentang bersertifikat dilakukan petani terutama untuk kemitraan dengan prosesor kentang. Risiko tinggi dalam memproduksi benih kentang bersertifikat merupakan disinsentif bagi penangkar benih kentang untuk berproduksi dalam jumlah yang memadai. Kemudahan dalam menangkarkan benih bersertifikat dan membaiknya harga jual kentang akan meningkatkan adopsi petani terhadap benih kentang bersertifikat. Pemerintah juga harus berinisiatif agar petani secara mandiri bisa menghasilkan benih kentang bermutu melalui pengembangan sistem benih informal dan tidak harus bergantung pada benih kentang komersial yang dihasilkan industri benih formal.</p>

Export is one source of foreign exchange earnings for the country. This study analyzes the competitiveness of Indonesian nutmeg in the world market. Measurement of competitiveness was conducted by looking at the comparative and competitive advantages nutmeg products in each of the main markets for export and comparison with competitors. The analytical method uses Revealed Comparative Advance (RCA) and Export Product Dynamic (EPD) in the period 2014-2018. The competitiveness analysis results show that nutmeg and nutmeg powder products have competitiveness in all export destination markets. Competitor countries, namely India, do not have competitiveness in the Dutch and Japanese markets. The nutmeg commodity has a competitive advantage with the trend and the share of exports that are still growing (fast-growing). However, nutmeg powder is no longer competitive in the export destination market. Active efforts to find new markets through market diversification while maintaining existing markets can be an option to increase Indonesian nutmeg exports.

Indonesia is the second-largest pepper (Piper Nigrum L) producer country after Vietnam and followed by India, Brazil, and Malaysia. While Vietnam is the largest black pepper producer, Indonesia is recognized as the largest white pepper-producing country. With the increasing market competition among them in the international market, Indonesia has to increase the market competitiveness of its pepper exports against its competitors. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper exports in the international market by using secondary data from various sources, including from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture and the International Pepper Community for the year 2018. It focuses on Pepper beans (HS 0900411) and Pepper Powder (HS090412) and uses two methods, namely Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Export Products Dynamic (EPD). The RCA analysis shows that Indonesia has a comparative advantage as a pepper exporter on the international market, both for pepper beans and powder. However, the results of the EPD analysis revealed that such an advantage is declining. For example, the study revealed that the export of pepper beans from Indonesia to the United Stated is in the lost opportunity position, and to Vietnam and Singapore are in the falling star position. A similar situation occurs for pepper powder where Indonesia’s export to Japan, Netherlands, and Germany are all in the falling star position. Such situations are caused by some challenges Indonesian pepper exports face, including the fulfillment of the good agriculture practices (GAP) in the upstream sector and compliance to international standards.

Policy on potato seed system is based on the eagerness to boost quality seed production and distribution, and to encourage the farmers to use high quality seed. Existing official rules of potato seed industry are intended to produce quality potato seed through official standard operation procedure. There is an act, however, tends to limit foreign capital ownership in the horticulture seed industry that discourages foreign investors. In terms of regional autonomy, the regional governments have more roles in seed industry, e.g. proposing plant varieties, seed import and export initiatives, and seedproducers registration. Some provinces also take a part in promoting quality potato seed through establishment of potato seed centers. Aside from sufficient rules and policies on potato seed and many potato-seed producers, farmers' adoption of quality potato seed is still quite low. Law enforcement, such as control on uncertified potato seed distribution and import of potato for many years, is still very weak. This study suggests the need of specific approach to allow a more efficient seed industry through higher seed production, lower selling price rates, and seed availability for all seasons aimed at improving profit margins of the seed producers fairly. Key words: Ministerial Regulations, potato seed, regional autonomy ABSTRAKKebijakan sistem perbenihan kentang bertujuan untuk mendorong produksi dan peredaran benih kentang bermutu, serta mendorong petani lebih banyak mengadopsi penggunaan benih kentang bermutu. Berbagai produk hukum terkait sistem perbenihan kentang sudah dibuat. Sebagian besar peraturan yang ada ditujukan agar benih, termasuk benih kentang, diproduksi secara baik sesuai standar dan prosedur resmi. Walaupun demikian masih ada peraturan yang menghambat, misalnya pembatasan pemilikan modal asing dalam industri perbenihan yang merupakan disinsentif bagi investor asing. Dalam rangka otonomi maka pemerintah daerah diberi peran lebih besar dalam hal pengusulan varietas, impor dan ekspor benih, dan pendaftaran produsen benih. Berbagai daerah juga berupaya membuat kebijakan yang mendorong produksi benih kentang bermutu melalui pendirian pusat pengembangan benih kentang. Berbagai peraturan yang ada, lembagalembaga penghasil benih sumber, dan banyaknya produsen benih kentang belum bisa merangsang sebagian besar petani untuk menggunakan benih kentang bermutu. Disamping

Efficiency is an important aspect for farmer that can be used as a measuring tools to make a decision regarding production among available options. The objectives of this research is to evaluate the technical efficiency of paddy farming, and to identify the factors that influence the technical efficiency of paddyfarms in Jawa and outside Jawa. To analyzed the data, data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and tobit regression were applied. Farmers were not use the the right amount of inputs as being recommended by the instructor, such as the use of seed, fertilizer NPK and urea. The use of Urea, NPK, and labor had the largest percentage of input slacks when compared to the other production inputs. Farmers in Jawa could reduce the use of urea by 6.75 kg, NPK by 14.96 kg, and labor by 7.45 HOK and farmers in outside Jawa could reduce the use of urea by 32.37 kg, NPK by 6.01 kg, and labor by 15.93 HOK  to make the paddy farm technically efficient. One of the factors that can greatly influence the improvement of farming technical efficiency is the socio-economic factors. Factors that affecting the technical efficiency of paddy farm in Jawa  were the age, the level of formal education, member of Farming group and the number of members in the household, and do not significantly affect the technical efficiency of paddy farm is acces formal finance, and ectention. Factors that affecting the technical efficiency of paddy farm in outside Jawa  were the age, the level of formal education, and member of Farming group and, and do not significantly affect the technical efficiency is the number of members in the household, acces formal finance, and ectention.