Preterm infants showed fewer desaturation events less than 85% during PR than prior to reading exposure. This effect persisted up to 1 h after reading exposure. Desaturation events were fewer with live and maternal PR. Voice exposure can be an important way for parents to participate in the care of their preterm infants.

Aim: This study sought to develop a process and methodology that could be a useful clinical and research tool for successfully completing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning in children with Cerebral Palsy. Method: Six children with CP (mean age of 8.83 years; five with spastic hemiplegia, one with spastic quadriplegia) and three children with typical development (mean age of 9.33 years) completed an fMRI scanning protocol that used real-time motion feedback as a means of minimizing head and trunk motion. Anatomical, resting-state, and motor-task scans were sequentially obtained from each subject. Precentral "hand-knob" regions were identified on the anatomical scan and served as seed regions to reveal the functional connectivity of each subject's brain as associated with hand movement. Results: Real-time motion feedback aided children in successful completion of resting state scans. Functional connectivity and brain activity mapping were obtained based on anatomical landmarks, and laterality indices were developed based on the obtained functional-connectivity map to specify a dominant side of brain activity that was matched to a clinical profile, despite anatomical variations that occur with Cerebral Palsy. Interpretation: Real-time motion feedback and the development of laterality indices can improve the clinical and research utility of fMRI scanning. What this paper adds: 1) Presents a real-time imaging protocol for fMRI to help children complete scanning; 2) Presents an fMRI methodology to obtain laterality indices in the presence of abnormal anatomy; 3) Provides findings of LI that match clinical diagnosis.

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Objectives: We aimed to determine whether complete lack of prenatal care (NPC: No Prenatal Care) is associated with social, as well as medical vulnerability of the mother-infant dyad and how it affects neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. Methods: Selected social determinants indicative of the family's social vulnerability, including intrauterine drug exposure (IUDE) of the infant and child protective service (CPS) involvement before discharge, were compared between a cohort of infants whose mothers sought prenatal care and their counterparts with complete lack of PC. Also, selected medical conditions indicative of an infants' medical vulnerability, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological diagnoses, were compared between two groups. Fifty seven infants in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and 10,483 infants in the newborn nursery at an urban level III hospital who were admitted between 2016 and 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Higher social vulnerability was observed in NPC group as indicated by a more prevalent history of IUDE and higher rates of CPS involvement. NPC mothers were also more likely to be Medicaid recipients and younger. Infants in both the NICU and the newborn nursery also had a lower mean birth weights for gestational age, lower APGAR scores as well as poorer respiratory and neurological outcomes. Conclusion for Practice: Prenatal care can have long lasting benefits to the mother-infant dyad by lowering the risks associated with pregnancy, increasing birth weights and lowering the risk for developing pulmonary and neurological complications. Promoting the family's active engagement in prenatal care can also serve as an easily achievable first step in minimizing health disparities.