Background: Although QOL is an important indicator to assess multiple facets of life, the QOL of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) subjects with impaired cognitive ability due to dementia has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, we developed the Japanese version of the Quality of Life – Alzheimer’s disease (QOL-AD) scale by means of back-translation, and ascertained its reliability and validity for evaluating the quality of life in AD subjects. We also hypothesized that the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms may determine the characteristics and determinants of both the patients’ and the caregivers’ responses to the patients’ QOL questionnaire. Methods: We administered the QOL-AD questionnaire to subjects with mild or moderate AD (n = 140). The test-retest reliability was evaluated by the same interviewer after a month’s interval. Data from the following tests were also collected to ascertain the validity of the questionnaire: Short Memory Questionnaire (SMQ), Neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI), Hyogo Activities of Daily Living Scale (HADL) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: The Japanese version of the QOL-AD questionnaire demonstrated good internal reliability for both the patients’ (Cronbach’s α = 0.84) and the caregivers’ responses (Cronbach’s α = 0.82) and good test-retest reliability for both the patients’ (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84) and caregivers’ reports (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.91). The concordance between the patients’ self-report and the caregivers’ observation was moderate (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.60). The score for the ‘mood factor’ (apathy, depression/dysphoria) in NPI predicted the overall QOL score as determined from both the patients’ and the caregivers’ responses for subjects with mild (MMSE≧21, n = 88) and moderate (MMSE<21, n = 52) AD. The score for the ‘psychosis factor’ (delusions, hallucinations, anxiety, agitation, disinhibition, irritability, aberrant motor activity) in NPI predicted the total QOL score as determined by the patients and the caregivers among subjects with moderate AD only. Conclusions: As hypothesized, the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms may be an important predictor of both the patients’ and caregivers’ responses to the patients’ QOL questionnaire. QOL-AD appears to be a promising measure of the QOL of subjects with mild to moderate AD in Japan.

Aim:To examine the effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms on longitudinal changes in the quality of life (QOL) of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).Methods: First, we investigated whether neuropsychiatric symptoms at baseline predict changes in the QOL of AD patients over time. Then we examined the associations between changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms and changes in QOL. QOL was assessed using the Japanese version of the Quality of LifeAlzheimer Disease (QOL-AD) scale and other clinical instruments [the Mini-Mental State Examination, The Neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI)] at baseline and again two years later in 96 AD patients among 140 AD patients at baseline. We performed a multiple regression analysis of the baseline QOL-AD score, NPI score (mood, psychosis, and euphoria factor), Mini-Mental State Examination score, and other clinical instrument variables (e.g. Activities-ofDaily-Living scores) to determine their contribution to the change in QOL-AD score.Results: While the total QOL-AD score based on the patients' responses did not change significantly, the total QOL-AD score derived from the caregivers' responses declined. Both the Activities-of-DailyLiving score and the mood factor of the NPI score predicted the change in the QOL-AD score as assessed by the caregivers' responses. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the changes in two factors of the NPI, i.e. the mood and psychosis factor, and the changes in the QOL-AD score based on the caregivers' responses. Conclusions:The presence of specific neuropsychiatric symptoms (mood and psychosis symptoms) was associated with changes in the QOL of AD patients during the follow-up period.

With globalization of the pharmaceutical industry, newly approved drugs nearly always become available worldwide, including the 3 major pharmaceutical regions: the United States, Europe, and Japan. One might think that these drugs would have the same recommended dosing throughout the world, but this appears not to be true in many instances. The objective of this study was to identify any patterns of differences in labeled dosing. Approved labeling, for the most widely prescribed proprietary drugs in the United States, was used as a basis for this study. Dosing was compared, for common indications, for the United States, Europe, and Japan. Overall, these data indicate that there are numerous differences in approved dosing for drugs approved in all 3 regions. For about half of the drugs studied, dosing in Japan is considerably lower than the United States or Europe. Some differences in dosing are also apparent between the United States and Europe.

The Japanese surveillance committee conducted the first nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens responsible for female acute uncomplicated cystitis at 43 hospitals throughout Japan from April 2009 to November 2010. In this study, the causative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents were investigated by isolation and culturing of bacteria from urine samples. In total, 387 strains were isolated from 461 patients, including E. coli (n = 301, 77.8 %), S. saprophyticus (n = 20, 5.2 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 13, 3.4 %), and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 11, 2.8 %). S. saprophyticus was significantly more common in premenopausal women (P = 0.00095). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 19 antibacterial agents used for these strains were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute manual. At least 87 % of E. coli isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, and 100 % of S. saprophyticus isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The proportions of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains were 13.3 % and 4.7 %, respectively. It is important to confirm the susceptibility of causative bacteria for optimal antimicrobial therapy, and empiric antimicrobial agents should be selected by considering patient characteristics and other factors. However, the number of isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant or ESBL-producing strains in gram-negative bacilli may be increasing in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Japan. Therefore, these data present important information for the proper treatment of UTIs and will serve as a useful reference for future surveillance studies.

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