No abstract

The use of earmuffs is strongly recommended because they seem to sufficiently attenuate shooting noise.

The pudendal nerve was examined in 100 cadavers of both sexes. Because of the variable number of trunks of the pudendal nerve, 5 types were distinguished: one-trunked; two-trunked, rectopudendal; two-trunked, pudendo-penile (or -clitoridal); three-trunked, recto-perineo-penile (or -clitoridal); four-trunked, recto-perineo-perineopenile (or -clitoridal). The authors' suggestions make it possible to perform selective pudendectomy, consisting in denervation of the sphincter urethrae muscle by neurectomy of the perineal branches of the pudendal nerve.

Changes in concentration of sCD4 and sCD8 manifest activation or suppression of cells with particular receptor expression.

Introduction. The aim of the study was to analyze the causes of the occurrence and treatment results of sudden hearing loss / deafness in own material.Material and methods. The tests were performed in 64 women aged 10-89 years and 70 men aged 18-85 years, who were treated in the Department of Otolaryngology due to sudden hearing loss / deafness in 2011-2020. A retrospective analysis was carried out on the basis of the data contained in the medical documentation, taking into account: gender, age of patients, type of symptoms, establishing the circumstances and possible causes of the appearance of symptoms, audiological and imaging tests, the cause of the sudden hearing loss / deafness and applied treatment.Results. In the conducted research it was found that sudden hearing loss / deafness was the most common in women and men in the age range of 51-60 years and 61-70 years. Sudden hearing loss/ deafness was accompanied by the following symptoms in both women and men: tinnitus in 48,4% and 74,3%, tinnitus and vertigo in 28,1% and 14,3%, and vertigo in 6,3% and in 1,4%. In own research, the most common cause of sudden hearing loss/deafness in women and men was respectively: idiopathic cause in 43,8% and 40,0%, infectious in 18,8%, vascular in 12,4% and 12,9%, and neurovascular conflict (included separately) in 12,4% and 12,9%, while in men the acoustic trauma should also be mentioned in 18,5%. The best results in the treatment of sudden hearing loss / deafness on a three-point scale, which depends on the treatment method used, both in women and men, i.e. complete relief of symptoms obtained after the use of vascular drugs with steroid therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy - in 25,0% and 22,9%, partial relief of symptoms occurred after vascular treatment with steroid therapy - in 28,1% and 37,2%. Conclusions. Sudden hearing loss / deafness in both women and men was accompanied by tinnitus, tinnitus and vertigo and vertigo at the same time. In own research the most common cause of sudden hearing loss / deafness in both women and men was: idiopathic, infectious, vascular and neurovascular conflict. The best emergency treatment outcomes of sudden hearing loss / deafness according to a three-level scale, depending on the applied method of treatment, both in women and men, i.e. complete relief of symptoms was obtained after the use of vascular drugs with steroid therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapyKey words: causes, occurrence, treatment results, sudden hearing loss / deafnes