Reactions at the refractory/melt interface during ingot casting of Ni-and Ni-Fe-alloys were studied. The casts were performed using different alumino-silicate bricks as refractory materials. Samples taken from the casting channel before and after casting were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy with XPS. Thermodynamic calculations were performed with FactSage and the results were compared with the results from industrial tests. After the melt has infiltrated the surface layer of the bricks, refractory corrosion starts with an attack of Mn and Mg of the melt on Si0 2 and Fe203 of the refractory bonding matrix. Despite the presence of elements with higher oxygen affinity in the melt, low-melting alumino-silicate phases are predominantly built by the reaction with Mn and Mg. In a second step this liquid phase either traps non-metallic inclusions from the melt or, at higher contents of Zr, Ti, Mg, Y etc. in the melt, causes massive reoxidation and inclusion formation. The refractory materials investigated show an increasing trend for reoxidation with an increasing amount of Si0 2 in glassy phases of the refractory bonding matrix. By the use of a refractory material with higher mullite content in the bonding matrix or by use of alumina bricks a strong reoxidation of the melt and intense inclusion formation can be avoided. These observations are also valid for other alloys with higher contents of elements with high affinity to oxygen.