No abstract

AimTo present and evaluate a new screening protocol for amblyopia in preschool children.MethodsZagreb Amblyopia Preschool Screening (ZAPS) study protocol performed screening for amblyopia by near and distance visual acuity (VA) testing of 15 648 children aged 48-54 months attending kindergartens in the City of Zagreb County between September 2011 and June 2014 using Lea Symbols in lines test. If VA in either eye was >0.1 logMAR, the child was re-tested, if failed at re-test, the child was referred to comprehensive eye examination at the Eye Clinic.Results78.04% of children passed the screening test. Estimated prevalence of amblyopia was 8.08%. Testability, sensitivity, and specificity of the ZAPS study protocol were 99.19%, 100.00%, and 96.68% respectively.ConclusionThe ZAPS study used the most discriminative VA test with optotypes in lines as they do not underestimate amblyopia. The estimated prevalence of amblyopia was considerably higher than reported elsewhere. To the best of our knowledge, the ZAPS study protocol reached the highest sensitivity and specificity when evaluating diagnostic accuracy of VA tests for screening. The pass level defined at ≤0.1 logMAR for 4-year-old children, using Lea Symbols in lines missed no amblyopia cases, advocating that both near and distance VA testing should be performed when screening for amblyopia.

Fig. 2. Induction of PVD using micropick and active aspiration. (A and B) Active aspiration (~300-500 mmHg vacuum) applied at the disc margin (arrow) to engage the peripapillary posterior hyaloid. (C) Once engaged, the posterior hyaloid is gently manipulated with the micropick tip to penetrate into the subhyaloid space with gentle tangential movement (double arrows) over the retina.

Background: Do gender, age, body mass and height influence eye biometrical properties in young adults? Methods: A total of 155 eyes (92 female, 63 male) of healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 39 years were included in the study. The subjects’ gender and age were recorded, and their body mass, height and biometrical properties of the eyes were measured. Results: The male subjects had significantly thicker and flatter corneas and lower minimal rim-to-disk ratios than the female subjects did. In both genders, age showed strong, negative correlations with anterior chamber depth and pupil diameter and a positive correlation with lens thickness. We also found significant, negative correlations between body height and mass with keratometry measurements, negative correlations between body height and optic disk rim area and rim volume, and positive correlations between body mass and axial length in both genders. Conclusions: Biometric eye parameters differ among people. In addition to age and gender, which are usually taken into consideration when interpreting ocular biometry findings, we strongly suggest that body height and mass should be also routinely considered when interpreting eye biometry data, as these factors have an impact on ocular biometry.