No abstract

Financial reporting must meet many criteria to be considered high quality because it is the quality of information that determines the viability of future strategic decisions. The article investigates the essence of the concept of "quality" and "quality of financial information", and defines indicators and criteria of the financial reporting quality. As for the quality of the financial reporting, it is found that the latter is a structured reflection of financial condition and financial results of the entity, therefore, can be regarded as a set of components: quality of the financial information; quality of presentation of the financial information. It was found that the quality of the reporting of financial information is evaluated using a system of indicators that are qualified by the Financial reporting framework as the qualitative characteristics of useful financial information and National Accounting Statement (standard) 1 as the qualitative characteristics of financial reporting. In terms of formalization (presentation within the legislation forms) of the financial information presentation in Ukraine, we can speak of quality only in respect of the notes to the financial statements. It has been established that quality assessment indicators of presenting the financial information in the notes may be: readability of the information, visualization of the representation. Research of the quality requirements for the financial statements (information) of the participating countries of the former Soviet Union has identified many variations, but the most commonly used features are relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability. It is indicated that most post-Soviet countries, including Ukraine, gradually bring its legislation on the regulation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS. But there are still many unresolved differences, chief among which are the qualitative characteristics of the financial statements that should provide the information needs of different user groups.

The aim of the paper is to examine the consistency between wage computations using an economic constant versus expected wages. Furthermore, the research compares the legal real minimum wage and wages computed in accordance with human capital theory. The author builds an econometric model of wages as a function of two variables. In addition, in order to facilitate the reader's understanding of the article, a human capital measurement model is presented along with a measurement of fair wages. The results show that the human capital model is useful as a comprehensive measure of value and present a technique for its reliable measurement. The paper's findings may make a significant contribution to the debate on how to measure human capital properly.

Nierówności płacowe a stała ekonomiczna potencjalnego wzrostuWSTĘP W fizyce i naukach technicznych odkryto dużą liczbę stałych. Istotą stałej jest to, że jest to wielkość tylko zmierzona, a nie teoretycznie wyprowadzona, jak stała grawitacji bądź prędkość światła w próźni. Formuła, opisująca prawo powszechnego ciążenia nie byłaby użyteczna, gdyby nie zmierzono w doświadczeniach wielkości G. Należy zaznaczyć, że kategoria "stała" oznacza, że jest to wartość liczbowa wielkości, która nie zależy od żadnych parametrów zewnętrznych i nie zmienia się z czasem. Uznaje się natomiast, że zmiana wartości liczbowej, jeśli wystąpi, to jest nieistotna dla rozpatrywanego problemu. Dlatego nie wszystkie stałe fizyczne faktycznie są absolutnie stałe. Wynika to także z faktu, że te wielkości uzyskuje się przez pomiar, co powoduje, że podlegają statystycznej obróbce danych.Badania w zakresie kapitału, zwłaszcza kapitału ludzkiego pokazały, że ekonomia nie jest wyjątkiem. Od dawna znano interesującą liczbę zwaną premią za ryzyko lub premią kapitałową. Badania pokazują, że jest to wielkość o charakterze stałej. Badania prowadzone w okresie ostatnich dwudziestu lat w dziedzinie teorii kapitału ludzkiego, przez zespół naukowców z Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie, doprowadziły do stwierdzenia, że premia za ryzyko na poziomie 8% występuje w rachunku godziwych płac. Stwierdzono dalej, że ta wielkość określa średnie tempo pomnażania kapitału w gospodarowaniu i nadano jej nazwę stałej ekonomicznej potencjalnego wzrostu (SEPW). Stała ta jest częścią modelu kapitału wielokrotnie opisanego w pracach [

Thermodynamics is the key to solving many economic problems. Since the human body is driven by heat engines, there is a loss of energy source. Measuring this loss means it is possible to indicate the size of a fair wage. Another version of the second principle justifies the amount of depreciation of real assets, such as machinery and equipment. A significant purpose of the article is to indicate that the category of capital cannot be understood without knowing the first and second principle of thermodynamics. The main aim is to present the theory of equitable remuneration developed using the second principle of thermodynamics and the discovered economic constant. Theoretical research leads to the creation of a model of capital and a model of fair pay with the understanding of the existence of an economic constant quantifying the action of natural forces on capital growth. Empirical research estimates the size of the constant and verifies the fairness of remuneration. The research reveals the existence of an economic constant necessary in capital theory, especially in the field of remuneration for work. Models for measuring human capital of employees and formulas enabling calculation of fair remuneration and its updating are presented. Additionally, using the entropic version of the second principle, the depreciation amounts of fixed assets are determined. The main conclusion of the presented research and the formulated theory is that thermodynamics is essential for the correct understanding of the category of capital defining as the abstract ability to perform work.