The threatened Gulf of St. Lawrence Aster, Symphyotrichum laurentianum Fernald (Nesom), is an annual coastal halophyte of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. We examined the effects of salinity (0-20 g/L) and temperature (16-30°C) on germination of S. laurentianum seeds over 32 days. The time-course of germination was significantly affected by both salinity and temperature. At lower temperatures (16°C and 23°C), germination was inhibited by salt water at days 16 and 32. However, at 30°C germination rates after 16 days were highest at an intermediate salinity, whereas after 32 days germination was uniformly high in all salinity treatments. Overall, the effect of temperature on germination was much stronger than the effect of salinity. Delays in germination resulting from exposure to salinity or from low soil temperatures could set up strong size asymmetries between seedlings of S. laurentianum and the surrounding vegetation, leading to suppression of growing seedlings via shading. Because germination has the potential to be a significant population bottleneck for this seed-dependent annual, conservation efforts should consider microsite suitability for germination in the management of natural populations and in the selection of sites for explants.
Halophytic plants may experience joint, and potentially interacting, effects of salinity and herbivory on their survival and reproduction. We investigated the impacts of salinity and (simulated) herbivory on fitness in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Aster (Symphyotrichum laurentianum (Fernald) Nesom; Asteraceae). In natural populations, this species experiences varying soil salinity and spill-over herbivory from insects associated with neighbouring seaside goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens L.). We subjected S. laurentianum individuals to three levels of simulated herbivory (0%, 20%, and 40% leaf-area removal) and three levels of salinity (0, 10, and 20 gÁL -1 ) in three runs of a growth-chamber experiment. The effects of salinity and herbivory were always additive. Salinity consistently and strongly reduced survivorship, by as much as 80% at 20 gÁL -1 salt, but significantly affected the seed set of survivors in only one run. Herbivory reduced survival significantly in one run (by 42% at 40% leaf-area removal) and reduced seed set of survivors (by 36% at 40% leafarea removal) in another. While both stresses can have important effects on S. laurentianum fitness, the effects of salinity were more consistently strong than were the effects of herbivory, for both survival and seed set. Résumé :Les plantes halophytes peuvent subir les effets concomitants, et possiblement interactifs, de la salinité et de l'herbivorie sur leur survie et leur reproduction. Les auteurs ont examiné les impacts de la salinité et de l'herbivorie simulée sur l'adaptabilité de l'aster du golfe St-Laurent (Symphyotrichum laurentianum; Asteraceae). Les expériences conduites dans des populations naturelles de cette espèce consistaient à varier la salinité du sol et de l'herbivorie venant d'insectes associés à la verge d'or (Solidago sempervirens) voisine du bord de mer. Ils ont soumis des individus du S laurentianum à trois degrés d'herbivorie (0, 20 et 40 % d'élimination des feuilles) et trois degrés de salinité (0, 10 et 20 gÁL -1 ) dans une expérience répétée trois fois en chambre de croissance. Les effets de la salinité et de l'herbivorie s'additionnent toujours. La salinité réduit régulièrement et sévèrement la survie, atteignant 80 % avec 20 gÁL -1 de sel, mais n'a affecté la mise à graine et la survie que dans une seule des répétitions. L'herbivorie a réduit significativement la survie dans une répétition (avec l'ablation de 42 % et 40 % du feuillage) et a réduit la mise à graine et la survie (avec l'ablation de 36 % et 40 % du feuillage) dans une autre. Alors que les deux stress peuvent exercer des effets importants sur l'adaptabilité du S. lauretianum, les effets de la salinité s'avèrent régulièrement plus néfastes que les effets de l'herbivorie, à la fois pour la survie et la mise à graine.
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