A modified Polonovski reaction has been employed to N-demethylate several opiate alkaloids in moderate to high yield. This method provides an alternative to traditional N-demethylation procedures which utilize toxic reagents such as cyanogen bromide or expensive reagents such as vinyl chloroformate. The current synthesis involves N-oxide formation, isolation of the corresponding N-oxide hydrochloride, and an FeSO(4).7H(2)O mediated Polonovski reaction to afford the desired secondary amine.

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A small-molecule natural product, euodenine A (1), was identified as an agonist of the human TLR4 receptor. Euodenine A was isolated from the leaves of Euodia asteridula (Rutaceae) found in Papua New Guinea and has an unusual U-shaped structure. It was synthesized along with a series of analogues that exhibit potent and selective agonism of the TLR4 receptor. SAR development around the cyclobutane ring resulted in a 10-fold increase in potency. The natural product demonstrated an extracellular site of action, which requires the extracellular domain of TLR4 to stimulate a NF-κB reporter response. 1 is a human-selective agonist that is CD14-independent, and it requires both TLR4 and MD-2 for full efficacy. Testing for immunomodulation in PBMC cells shows the induction of the cytokines IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-12p40 as well as suppression of IL-5 from activated PBMCs, indicating that compounds like 1 could modulate the Th2 immune response without causing lung damage.