The LITUS device elicited tissue heating equivalent to traditional ultrasound but could be sustained for multiple hours. It is a safe and effective alternative tool for delivering therapeutic ultrasound and exploring dosimetry for desired physiologic responses.

The relative efficacy of 99mTc sulfur colloid and in vitro-labeled 99mTc red blood cells in detecting and localizing gastrointestinal hemorrhage was evaluated in a prospective tandem study of 100 patients referred for suspicion of gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. Thirty-eight true-positive scintigrams were obtained with 99mTc red blood cells, whereas 99mTc sulfur colloid detected only five sites of hemorrhage. Scintigraphic findings were corroborated by clinical, endoscopic, arteriographic, and surgical findings. 99mTc red blood cells were clearly superior, with a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 95%, and overall accuracy of 94% in detecting and localizing gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Context: Practice guidelines recommend a multifaceted approach for managing concussions, but a relatively small percentage of athletic trainers (ATs) follow these recommendations. Understanding ATs' beliefs toward the recommended concussion practice guidelines is the first step in identifying interventions that could increase compliance. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) allows us to measure ATs' beliefs toward the recommended concussion practice guidelines.Objective: To examine the influence of ATs' beliefs toward the current recommended concussion guidelines on concussion-management practice through an application of the TPB.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: A Web link with a survey was e-mailed to 1000 randomly selected members of the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA).Patients or Other Participants: A total of 221 certified ATs working in secondary school/clinic, high school, and college/ university settings.Main Outcome Measure(s): A 66-item survey reflecting the current recommended concussion guidelines of the NATA and International Conference on Concussion in Sport was created to measure beliefs using the TPB constructs attitude toward the behavior (BA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and behavioral intention (BI) of ATs. We used a linear multiple regression to determine if the TPB constructs BA, SN, and PBC predicted BI and if PBC and BI predicted behavior according to the TPB model. Conclusions: In this sample, the TPB constructs predicted BI and behavior of ATs' compliance with recommended concussion-management guidelines. The BA and PBC were the most influential constructs, indicating that those with positive attitudes toward concussion-management recommendations are more likely to implement them, and ATs are less likely to implement them when they do not believe they have the power to do so. We theorize that interventions targeting ATs' attitudes and control perceptions will lead to improved compliance.Key Words: concussion management, traumatic brain injuries, practice guidelines Key PointsUsing the theory of planned behavior constructs to investigate the application of recommended concussionmanagement guidelines by athletic trainers, we found that attitudes toward the behavior and perceived behavioral control were most influential. Interventions that take into account athletic trainers' attitudes and perceived control may help to increase compliance with concussion-management guidelines.

Context: A new continuous diathermy called ReBound recently has been introduced. Its effectiveness as a heating modality is unknown.Objective: To compare the effects of the ReBound diathermy with an established deep-heating diathermy, the Megapulse II pulsed shortwave diathermy, on tissue temperature in the human triceps surae muscle.Design: Crossover study. Setting: University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Participants included 12 healthy, college-aged volunteers (4 men, 8 women; age ¼ 22.2 6 2.25 years, calf subcutaneous fat thickness ¼ 7.2 6 1.9 mm).Intervention(s): Each modality treatment was applied to the triceps surae muscle group of each participant for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, we removed the modality and recorded temperature decay for 20 minutes.Main Outcome Measure(s): We horizontally inserted an implantable thermocouple into the medial triceps surae muscle to measure intramuscular tissue temperature at 3 cm deep. We measured temperature every 5 minutes during the 30-minute treatment and each minute during the 20-minute temperature decay.Results: Tissue temperature at a depth of 3 cm increased more with Megapulse II than with ReBound diathermy over the course of the treatment (F 6,66 ¼ 10.78, P , .001). ReBound diathermy did not produce as much intramuscular heating, leading to a slower heat dissipation rate than the Megapulse II (F 20,220 ¼ 28.84, P , .001).Conclusions: During a 30-minute treatment, the Megapulse II was more effective than ReBound diathermy at increasing deep, intramuscular tissue temperature of the triceps surae muscle group.Key Words: continuous diathermy, intramuscular temperature, heat Key PointsThe Megapulse II pulsed shortwave diathermy was a better device than the continuous ReBound diathermy for deep heating. Given its lower power output, ReBound diathermy can be used as a moderate heating modality. Further research should be performed to understand the heating distribution of ReBound diathermy throughout its sleeve.

A placebo effect occurred with the sham treatment group. Generally, improvement was noted in all groups regardless of treatment type, but greater pain reduction during a functional task was evident within the active treatment groups during the sit-to-stand test. The wireless patch and wired dose controller treatments were equivalent across all variables.