Many social identities (e.g., race, ethnicity) are measured using mark-allthat-apply (MATA) questions because they allow survey respondents to account for the multiple, nonexclusive ways in which they identify themselves. We test the use of MATA measures of sexual orientation and gender identity and compare them with forced choice (FC), an alternative format using a series of yes-or-no questions. Respondents, including an oversample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals, participated in a 2 Â 3 factorial survey experiment. For the first factor, we hypothesize that respondents randomly assigned to FC will report a higher count of identities than those assigned to MATA. For the second factor, we hypothesize that increased topic salience will help LGBQ respondents in particular to overcome poor question design. Findings suggest that MATA and FC measure comparably when question writing best practices are followed, but topic salience can yield higher data quality when poorly formatted questions are used.

The Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) population in the United States is growing rapidly and is geographically dispersed and culturally diverse. Yet, national estimates produced for this population are often limited to a subset, typically those who are English proficient. Meaningful representation of AANHPI communities in survey research requires strategies that account for their diverse linguistic and cultural characteristics. However, translation alone will not suffice to increase representation. More culturally responsive approaches are needed as well. In a joint project, AARP and NORC at the University of Chicago reviewed the literature and conducted semistructured interviews with experts in AANHPI representation in research to examine barriers to AANHPI survey participation and strategies for overcoming these barriers. This article presents findings and recommendations from this research. We discuss three key challenges to AANHPI representation in surveys: Lack of familiarity with surveys and their importance, lack of trust in those conducting surveys, and issues of language and translation. We then present strategies for increasing AANHPI survey participation: Involving trusted leaders of the AANHPI community, at the local or national level as appropriate for the study; focusing on messaging about the survey that is culturally appropriate and tailored to the population; and providing culturally appropriate translations.