Left ventricular (LV) summit premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are often unresponsive to radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Retrograde venous ethanol infusion (RVEI) can be a valuable alternative in this scenario. A 43‐year‐old woman without structural heart disease presented with LV summit PVCs unresponsive to RF ablation because of their deep‐seated origin. Unipolar pace mapping performed through a wire inserted into a branch of the distal great cardiac vein (GCV) demonstrated 12/12 concordance with the clinical PVCs thus indicating close proximity to PVCs’ origin. RVEI abolished the PVCs without complications. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidenced an intramural myocardial scar produced by ethanol ablation. In conclusion, RVEI effectively and safely treated PVC arising from a deep site in the LVS. The scar provoked by chemical damage was well characterized by MRI imaging.

Introduction: left ventricular (LV) summit premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are often unresponsive to radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Retrograde venous ethanol infusion (RVEI) can be a valuable alternative in this scenario. Methods: a 43‐year‐old woman without structural heart disease presented with LV summit PVCs unresponsive to RF ablation because of their deep-seated origin. Results: Unipolar pace mapping performed through a wire inserted into a branch of the distal great cardiac vein (GCV) demonstrated 12/12 concordance with the clinical PVCs thus indicating close proximity to PVCs’ origin. RVEI abolished the PVCs without complications. Subsequently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidenced an intramural myocardial scar produced by ethanol ablation. Conclusions: RVEI effectively and safely treated PVC arising from a deep site in the LVS. The scar provoked by chemical damage was well characterized by MRI imaging.

The iron chelator deferoxamine is a hypoxia biomimicry and has received interest as a potential therapeutic in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recently, local injection of this iron chelator deferoxamine has proven to increase bone healing through the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway that augments angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Repeated injections of deferoxamine are required to achieve local therapeutic levels at fracture site. To achieve local therapeutic levels at fracture site without the use of multiples injections and associated pain and infection issues, we designed and prepared polymeric microspheres made of polycaprolactone and poly(ethylene oxide), in which deferoxamine was encapsulated, via a melting process. The application of this process has enabled to obtain spheres of different poly(ethylene oxide) concentrations for optimizing the drug release rate. The effective local release carrier offers a predetermined rate that can mimic the effect of repeated deferoxamine injections over a 14-day period to selectively stimulate bone repair and thus improve the biological performance to the point where ideally synthetics begin to challenge autograft dominance as the bone replacement of choice.