PurposeThe purpose of this review is to offer an update for medical providers practicing general urology and urogynecology in evolving and new promising technologies for neuromodulation in patients with OAB.Patients and MethodsA focused literature search for the years 2015 through 2019 was conducted on PubMed/Medline for the terms: “new techniques” AND “neuromodulation” AND “tibial nerve stimulation” AND “overactive bladder”. We limited our search to publications in English, for the last five years and with patient follow-up of at least 3 months.ResultsClinical success, safety based on adverse events, and quality of life improvement criteria were evaluated and compared to sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) devices and older, non-implantable percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) treatment devices. Considering the limited number of participants with up to 6 months follow-up data currently available, overall the clinical response rates suggest that the new implantable devices stimulating the tibial nerve have a promising clinical outlook, are less invasive upon implantation than SNS, less expensive, and less of a burden on patients compared to the older non-implantable PTNS devices.ConclusionPracticing urologists should be aware of this new treatment option when counseling their patients regarding treatment for OAB.

Purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in men worldwide and more than 80% of men with PCa also have histo-anatomical findings of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). It is well documented that BPH develops in the transition zone (TZ), whereas 80-85% of PCa originates in the peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate. Possible causal links between both disease entities are controversially discussed in the current literature. Some studies have reported that larger prostates have a decreased incidence of PCa compared to smaller prostates. The purpose of this systematic review is to comprehensively summarize studies analyzing any association between prostate gland volume and incidence of PCa. Methods: A thorough literature review was performed between 01.01.1990 through 02.28.2020 using PubMed and applying the "PRISMA" guidelines. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. Results: Our systematic review found 41 articles reporting an inverse (negative) relationship between prostate gland volume and incidence of prostate cancer. Sample sizes ranged from 114 to 6692 patients in these single institutional and multi-institutional studies. Thirty-nine (95%) of the 41 articles showed a statistically significant inverse relationship. In our search, no study was found showing a positive correlation between BPH size and the incidence of PCa. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on the important clinical question of interaction between prostate size and the incidence of PCa. The results are demonstrating an inverse relationship, and therefore reveal strong evidence that large prostates may be protective of PCa when compared to smaller prostates.

UCS-SS. better postoperative results were obtained in the group with a single stoma according to operative time, blood loss, hospital of stay, perioperative complications.CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, a single stoma ureterocutaneostomy after minimally invasive RC represents a valid alternative to the commonly used IC diversion with better perioperative outcomes and without compromising the postoperative QoL.

Objective: Numerous publications describe the management of stent encrustations, but few address long-term risks. The purpose of this study is to analyze the incidence of new chronic kidney disease attributed to retained ureteral stents in a large multi-institutional patient population. Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of stone disease patients with ureteral stent placement was done in the nation-wide Cerner Health Facts database between 10 July 2009 and 7 June 2018. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using serum creatinine and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. The study focused on patients with stent duration longer than 6 months and an estimated glomerular filtration rate above 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 before stent placement. Results: A total of 1234 stent placements were documented in the Cerner database, 108 patients had a normal estimated glomerular filtration rate prior to the retained stent. The median duration of retained stents was 12.1 months (range 6.1 to 77.7 months), and 33 (30.6%) patients developed new onset chronic kidney disease compared to 8.3% in patients with non-retained stents. Conclusion: A new onset of chronic kidney disease was observed in 30.6% of patients with retained ureteral stent, emphasizing the importance of patient counseling and preventive measures to ensure patient compliance and follow-up. Level of evidence: Not applicable in this multi-institutional cohort study.