To enhance the performance of a serum-free medium (SFM) for human thrombopoietin (hTPO) production in suspension cultures of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, several low-cost hydrolysates such as yeast hydrolysate (YH), soy hydrolysate, wheat gluten hydrolysate and rice hydrolysate were tested as medium additives. Among various hydrolysates tested, the positive effect of YH on hTPO production was most significant. When 5 g l(-1) YH was added to SFM, the maximum hTPO concentration in batch culture was 40.41 microg ml(-1), which is 11.5 times higher than that in SFM without YH supplementation. This enhanced hTPO production in YH-supplemented SFM was obtained by the combined effect of enhanced q(hTPO) (the specific rate of hTPO production). The supplementation of YH in SFM increased q(hTPO) by 294% and extended culture longevity by >2 days if the culture was terminated at a cell viability of 50%. Furthermore, cell viability throughout the culture using YH-supplemented SFM was higher than that using any other hydrolysate-supplemented SFM tested, thereby minimizing degradation of hTPO susceptible to proteolytic degradation. In addition, YH supplementation did not affect in vivo biological activity of hTPO. Taken together, the results obtained demonstrate the potential of YH as a medium additive for hTPO production in serum-free suspension cultures of rCHO cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) finely tune protein expression and target networks of 100s-1000s of genes that control specific biological processes. They are critical regulators of glycosylation, one of the most diverse and abundant posttranslational modifications. In recent work, miRs have been shown to predict the biological functions of glycosylation enzymes, leading to the miRNA proxy hypothesis which states, if a miR drives a specific biological phenotype, the targets of that miR will drive the same biological phenotype. Testing of this powerful hypothesis is hampered by our lack of knowledge about miR targets. Target prediction suffers from low accuracy and a high false prediction rate. Herein, we develop a high-throughput experimental platform to analyze miR:target interactions, miRFluR. We utilize this system to analyze the interactions of the entire human miRome with beta-3-glucosyltransferase (B3GLCT), a glycosylation enzyme whose loss underpins the congenital disorder Peters Plus Syndrome. Although this enzyme is predicted by multiple algorithms to be highly targeted by miRs, we identify only 27 miRs that downregulate B3GLCT, a >96% false positive rate for prediction. Functional enrichment analysis of these validated miRs predict phenotypes associated with Peters Plus Syndrome, although B3GLCT is not in their known target network. Thus, biological phenotypes driven by B3GLCT may be driven by the target networks of miRs that regulate this enzyme, providing additional evidence for the miRNA Proxy Hypothesis.

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