The Philippines has adopted policies to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding on par with global standards, yet the impact of these policies is not well understood. This study assesses the adequacy and potential impact of breastfeeding policies, as well as the perceptions of stakeholders of their effectiveness and how to address implementation barriers. This mixed methods study entailed a desk review of policies and documents and in-depth interviews with 100 caregivers, employees, employers, health workers, and policymakers in the Greater Manila Area. Although the Philippines has a comprehensive breastfeeding policy framework, its effectiveness was limited by structural and individual barriers. Structural barriers included inconsistent breastfeeding promotion, limited access of mothers to skilled counseling, limited workplace breastfeeding support, gaps in legal provisions, weak monitoring and enforcement of the Philippine Milk Code, and the short duration and limited coverage of maternity leave. Individual barriers included knowledge and skills gaps, misconceptions, and low self-confidence among mothers due to insufficient support to address breastfeeding problems, misconceptions in the community that undermine breastfeeding, limited knowledge and skills of health workers, and insufficient support extended to mothers by household members. Breastfeeding policies in the Philippines are consistent with global standards, but actions to address structural and individual barriers are needed to enhance their effectiveness for improving breastfeeding practices.

Objectives To determine the content, implementation, and effectiveness of policies aimed at improving breastfeeding practices in the Philippines. Methods This study used mixed methods, including a desk review of relevant policies and documents and in-depth interviews with 100 caregivers, workers, employers, health workers, and policymakers. Results Although the Philippines has a strong regulatory framework to protect breastfeeding, the implementation and effectiveness of breastfeeding policies are limited by structural and individual barriers. Structural barriers include: a lack of consistent breastfeeding promotion, limited access to skilled counselling support from health system to community level, and limited breastfeeding support in workplaces for working mothers. Inappropriate marketing of commercial milk formula, including cross-promotion and engagement of industry representatives with health professionals, persists due to gaps in legal provisions and weak monitoring and enforcement of the Philippine Milk Code. Individual barriers include failure to address early breastfeeding problems, misconceptions that undermine breastfeeding, limited knowledge and skills of health workers and caregivers, and lack of support from family members. Conclusions Breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support policies in the Philippines are consistent with global standards, but their effectiveness for improving breastfeeding practices can be improved by addressing persistent barriers at the structural and individual levels. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant Number OPP50838) and Irish Aid.