As the population grows and the uncontrolled industrialization, urbanization rises as well, it is high time we should give proper attention to the fact of river pollution in our country which is deploying harmful impacts both on human health and environmental, aquatic ecosystem. A plethora of studies have been done on different aspects of river water pollution. In this paper a thorough discussion regarding this fact has been presented compiling a number of important studies on it. Major causes behind this pollution have been mentioned widely, like improper management of industrial and sewage effluents. However, to detect this contamination in the major rivers of Bangladesh, various studies have been done to see the physicochemical properties of the water, such as pH, turbidity, color, odor, DO, TOD, COD, TSS, EC, dissolved metal, and other chemical and bacteriological substances etc. The microorganisms within the water are the prime sources to cause different water borne diseases like Diarrhea, Cholera, Scabies and Asthma. To find out the remedies to this problem, urgent emphasis should be given on preventive measures and to take appropriate steps to halt and improve the existing pollution of the rivers. A lot of water treatment systems are being practiced throughout the world to restore the health of the rivers as well as to reuse the waste water. Though the systems are not much popular in Bangladesh, the government should facilitates the practice of them extensively and strengthen the laws against environmental pollution.

Background: In a highly populated country like India, family planning plays a major role in controlling population growth. Estimation of births averted helps in assessing the effectiveness of contraceptive methods. Since the 1950s, different strategies of family planning have been adopted to curb fertility rates by expanding the use of modern contraception among couples. As a result, there has been a steady increase in the users of family planning methods to curb their family sizes. However, there is variation in the adoption of contraceptive methods across the states. From earlier researches, it is established that the permanent modern methods like female sterilization, male sterilization, and IUCD are almost 100 percent effective methods to prevent pregnancy. This study, therefore, is a worthy attempt to estimate the births averted using modern contraception at present for Indian states with the help of the latest available data, by using the method suggested by Liu and others (2008)[11]. Results: The results of the analysis show that births averted were highest in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. However, the percentage reduction in births by the contraceptive method is highest in Punjab indicating the effectiveness of modern contraception use. Conclusions: The analysis of births-averted estimation not only shows the state-level variations but also its significant impact on reducing TFR. Further, female sterilization has the highest prevalence rate among the contraceptive method and averting the highest number of births.

No abstract